Cell Flashcards
1
Q
Contains DNA, Histones & Chromosomes; has nucleolus
A
Nucleus
2
Q
Powerhouse of the cell
A
Mitochondria
3
Q
Involve in detoxification, lipid synthesis, lipid soluble substances; water-soluble substances
A
Agranular or smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
4
Q
For synthesis of proteins bound for the cell membrane, lysosomes, outside of the cell
A
Ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
5
Q
For synthesis of proteins bound for the cytoplasm and mitochondria
A
Free-floating Ribosomes
6
Q
For packaging, molecular tagging, and synthesis of hyaluronic acid & chondroitin sulfate
A
Golgi Apparatus
7
Q
Replenishes the cell membrane; may contain proenzymes, NT’s
A
Secretory Vesicles
8
Q
For regression of tissues and Autolysis; Suicide bags of the cells
A
Lysosomes
9
Q
Degrade membrane-associated proteins; not membrane-bound
A
Proteosome
10
Q
Contains oxidases, catalases; for detoxification
A
Peroxisome
11
Q
Site of transcription and processing of rRNA
A
Nucleolus
12
Q
Location of Electron Transport Chain
A
Inner Mitochondrial Membrane (Oxidative Phosphorylation)
13
Q
Unique about the mitochondria
A
Contains mitochondrial DNA that is maternally-derived and does not follow genetic code
14
Q
RER & SER are abundant in which organ?
A
Liver
15
Q
Subunits of Ribosomes
A
Prokaryotes: 30s, 50sEukaryotes: 40s, 60s
16
Q
Specialized SER in skeletal muscle
A
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
17
Q
Specialized SER in Neurons
A
Nissl Substance
18
Q
Only substance modified in the RER and not in Golgi Apparatus
A
Collagen
19
Q
Added to lysosome-bound proteins by the golgi apparatus
A
Mannose-6-phosphate
20
Q
Lysosomes come from what organelle?
A
Golgi apparatus
21
Q
Peroxisomes come from what organelle?
A
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
22
Q
Wear-and-tear pigment that accumulates in lysosomes?
A
Lipofuscin
23
Q
Motor protein causing transport from center of the cell to the periphery
A
Kinesin
24
Q
Motor protein causing transport from periphery of the cell to the center
A
Dynein
25
Which anti-tumor drugs target the microtubules during mitosis?
Vincristine, Taxol
26
Disease with Dynein missing in cilia and flagella
Kartagener's Syndrome (Situs Inversus, Bronchiectasis, Infertility)
27
What is the explanation for Situs Inversus in Kartagener's Syndrome?
Defective primary cilia
28
Disk-shaped; for firm intercellular adhesions
Macula densa (Desmosomes)
29
Ring-shaped; increases surface area for contact
Zonula adherens (Fascia adherens)
30
Reticular pattern; divides cell into apical and basolateral side
Zonula occludens (Tight junctions)
31
For intercellular communication
Gap junctions
32
Functional unit of Gap junctions
Connexon
33
Movement of substances in both the apical and basolateral side
Transcellular Transport
34
Movement of substances between cells through tight junctions
Paracellular Transport
35
Guardian of the cell that divides the body into ECF and ICF compartments
Cell membrane
36
Mainly determines membrane fluidity and permeability to water soluble structure
Cholesterol
37
Anchors protein to outer leaflet
Glycolipid: Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)
38
Which disease involves a mutation in a gene of Chromosome 7 that encodes for an ABC transporter called CFTR?
Cystic Fibrosis
39
Endocytosis: For proteins; requires ATP and extracellular calcium
Pinocytosis
40
Endocytosis: usually receptor-mediated; usually by WBC's and macrophages; for larger substances like bacteria, cell debris, dead cell
Phagocytosis
41
Secretion of Hormones, Neurotransmitters from intracellular vesicles (mediated by SNARE proteins); results in excretion of Residual Body
Exocytosis
42
Predominant Cation in ECF
Na+ (Sodium)
43
Predominant Anion in ECF
Cl- (Chloride)
44
Predominant Cation in ICF
K+ (Potassium)
45
Predominant Anion in ICF
PO4- (Phosphate)
46
In each compartment, total number of Cations should EQUAL total number of Anions
Principle of Macroscopic Electroneutrality
47
"Where Sodium goes, Water follows..."
90% of the solutes in the ECF is Na+ (Sodium) making it a reasonable indicator for osmolarity
48
Indicator molecule for TBW
Deuterium Oxide, Antipyrine
49
Indicator molecule for ECF
Inulin, Mannitol
50
Indicator molecule for Plasma
124I-Labeled Albumin
51
Osmoles per kilogram of water; Independent of Temperature
Osmolality
52
Osmoles per liter of water; varies with Temperature
Osmolarity
53
Clinical estimate of plasma osmolality can be obtained using:
Sodium concentrationGlucose concentrationUrea concentration
54
Poisoning that increases Osmolar Gap
Alcohol intoxication and Ethylene Glycol poisoning
55
Diffusion of water from a solution of low solute concentration to a solution of high solute concentration
Osmosis
56
Driving force of Osmosis that is dependent on number of molecules
Osmotic Pressure
57
Uses impermeate solutes; can change cell volume
Isotonic, Hypertonic, Hypotonic
58
Uses permeate solutes; can change cell volume only transiently
Isoosmotic, Hyperosmotic, Hypoosmotic
59
Will attract water to itself
Hypertonic solution
60
Will donate water to opposite compartment
Hypotonic solution
61
Example of impermeate solute
Glucose (effective osmole)
62
Example of permeate solute
Urea (ineffective osmole)
63
Effective osmole used in the treatment of brain edema
Mannitol
64
Effect of permeate solutes on osmotic gradient
Decreases osmotic gradient
65
Osmotic pressure from large molecules
Oncotic Pressure
66
Weight of the volume of a solution divided by weight of equal volume of distilled (pure) water
Specific gravity
67
Number between zero and one that describes the ease with which a solute permeates a membrane
Reflection Coefficient / Osmotic Coefficient
68
Solute is impermeable
Reflection Coefficient = 1
69
Solute is neither permeable nor impermeable
Reflection Coefficient = between 0 to 1
70
Solute is permeable
Reflection Coefficient = 0
71
Isotonic NaCl infusion; Gain of H2O and Na; Increase in ECF volume
Isoosmotic volume expansion
72
Diarrhea; Loss of H2O and Na; Decrease in ECF volume
Isoosmotic volume contraction
73
High NaCl intake, Conn's syndrome; Gain of Na; Increase in ECF osmolarity and volume; Decrease ICF volume
Hyperosmotic volume expansion
74
Sweating, Fever, Diabetes Insipidus; Loss of H2O; Increase in ECF osmolarity; Decrease in ECF and ICF volume
Hyperosmotic volume contraction
75
SIADH; Gain of H2O; Decrease in ECF osmolarity; Increase in ECF and ICF volume
Hypoosmotic volume expansion
76
Adrenal insufficiency, Diuretics overuse; Loss of Na; Decrease in ECF osmolarity and volume; Increase in ICF volume
Hypoosmotic volume contraction
77
0.9% NaCl (PNSS) or Lactated Ringers (LR); Increases ECF volume exclusively
Isotonic Solution
78
0.45% NaCl or 5% Dextrose in water (D5W); Increases both ECF and ICF volume
Hypotonic Solution
79
3% NaCl or 5% NaCl; Increases ECF volume and Decreases ICF volume
Hypertonic Solution
80
Passive, Downhill transport; Not carrier-mediated, No metabolic energy used, Not dependent on Na+ gradient
Simple Diffusion
81
Passive, Downhill transport; Carrier-mediated, No metabolic energy used, Not dependent on Na+ gradient
Facilitated Diffusion
82
Active, Uphill transport; Carrier-mediated, With metabolic energy used (direct), Not dependent on Na+ gradient
Primary Active Transport
83
Secondary Active; Carrier-mediated, With metabolic energy used (indirect), Dependent on Na+ gradient (solutes move in same direction as Na+ across cell membrane)
Co-transport
84
Secondary Active; Carrier-mediated, With metabolic energy used (indirect), Dependent on Na+ gradient (solutes move in opposite direction as Na+ across cell membrane)
Counter-transport
85
Secondary Active Transport indirectly relies on:
Na-K-ATPase pump
86
Saturation of Active Transport
Tm occurs once all transporters are used
87
Stereospecificity of Active Transport
Recognizes "D" or "L" forms
88
Competition of Active Transport
Chemically-related solutes may compete
89
Which is faster at low solute concentration: Facilitated or Simple?
Facilitated
90
Which is faster at high solute concentration: Facilitated or Simple?
Simple
91
In Na-K-ATPase pump, how many Na+ goes out?
3
92
In Na-K-ATPase pump, how many K+ goes in?
2
93
Transport Mechanism of Oxygen, Nitrogen, CO2, Alcohol, Lipid Hormones, Anesthetic drugs
Simple Diffusion
94
Transport Mechanism of D-glucose transport to the muscles and adipose, Amino Acid transport
Facilitated Diffusion
95
Transport Mechanism of Na-K-ATPase pump, Ca-ATPase pump in cell membrane and SR, H-K ATPase pump in stomach, H- ATPase pump in intercalated cell of kidney, Multi-drug resistance transporters
Primary Active Transport
96
Transport Mechanism of SGLT-1 in small intestine, SGLT-2 in the PCT, Na-K-2Cl in ascending tubule, Na-Ca exchange in almost all cells, Na-H exchange in PCT
Secondary Active Transport
97
Ca-ATPase pump in the cell membrane
Plasma membrane associated Ca ATPase (PMCA)
98
Ca-ATPase pump in sarcoplasmic reticulum an endoplasmic reticulum
Sarcoplasmic and ER Ca-ATPase (SERCA)
99
Functions of Na-K-ATPase pump
Prevents cellular swelling; contributes to RMP
100
Functional subunit by Na-K-ATPase pump inhibited by Cardiac Glycosides
Alpha subunit
101
In all epithelial cells, Na-K-ATPase pump is found in the basolateral side EXCEPT:
Choroid Plexus
102
Why do RBC's swell when chilled?
Decrease ATP synthesis (Decrease activity of Na-K-ATPase pump)
103
Receptors for Fat-soluble substances; Binding to nuclear or cytoplasmic receptors that causes transcription of genes
Intracellular Receptors
104
Membrane Receptor: Transduces chemical signal into electrical signal
Ion-channel linked Receptor
105
Membrane Receptor: Activates cGMP phosphodiesterase; Decreases cGMP; Closes cGMP-dependent ion channels
G-Protein Coupled Receptor with Alpha-t subunit (Transducin)
106
Membrane Receptor: Activated by Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEFs); Inactivated by GTPase-accelerating proteins (GAPS), RGS proteins (regulation of G Protein signaling)
G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GTP-activated)
107
Membrane Receptor: Activates Adenylyl cyclase (converts ATP to cAMP); Activates Protein Kinase A (PKA)
G-Protein Coupled Receptor with Alpha-s and Alpha-i subunit
108
Membrane Receptor: Phospholipase C (PLC) ➡️ PIP2 ➡️ PIP2 splits into InsP3 or IP3 (releases Calcium from ER) and DAG (activates Protein Kinase C)
G-Protein Coupled Receptor with Alpha-q subunit
109
Catalytic Receptor: Converts GTP to cGMP; Activates Protein Kinase G; Phosphorylates Proteins (eg: ANP, NO)
Receptor Guanylyl Cyclases
110
Catalytic Receptor: Attaches to Type 1 subunit; Phosphorylates Serine/Threonine residues on Type 2 subunit; Activates Effectors (eg: THF-Beta)
Receptor Serine/Threonine Kinases
111
Catalytic Receptor: eg: NGF, EGF, PDGF, IGF-1, Insulin
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
112
Catalytic Receptor: No intrinsic Tyrosine Kinase Activity; Associated with proteins that have Tyrosine Kinase Activity, including Tyrosine Kinases of Src Family and Janus Family (JAK) (eg: EPO)
Tyrosine-associated Kinase Receptors
113
Cytosolic fragment released to the nucleus which causes transcription of genes (eg: Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein (SREB) of the ER - promotes Cholesterol Synthesis)
Regulated Intramembrane Proteolysis
114
Regulated Intramembrane Proteolysis (RIP) of amyloid B-protein precursor causes accumulation of amyloid B-protein in which disease?
Alzeimer's Disease
