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Anatomy > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

Brain development - 4 wk embryo?

A

3 primary brain vesicles develop from neural tube

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2
Q

Brain development - 5 wk embryo?

A

5 secondary vesicles develop

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3
Q

*Telencephalon turns into?

A

cerebrum

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4
Q

*Diencephalon turns into?

A

diencephalon

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5
Q

*Mesencephalon turns into?

A

midbrain

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6
Q

*Metencaphlon turns into?

A

pons, cerebellum

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7
Q

*Mylencephalon turns into?

A

medulla

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8
Q

Basic regions of the brain?

A
  • cerebral hemispheres
  • diencephalon
  • cerebellum
  • brainstem
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9
Q

*Ventricles of the brain?

A
  • fluid-filled spaces in central portions of the brain
  • lined by ependymal cells
  • contains CSF
  • continuos w/ e/o and central canal of spinal cord
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10
Q

*How many ventricles in the brain?

A

2 lateral ventricle - in cerebral hemisphere
third-in diencephalon
fourth - from pons to medulla

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11
Q

*Circulation of ventricles?

A

o Lateral ventricles → intervetricular foramen → third ventricle → cerebral aqueduct → fourth ventricle → Lateral apertures, medial aperture, central canal and spinal cord → subarachnoid space (lateral aperture + medial aperture)

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12
Q

Hydrocephalus?

A
  • overproduction of CSF

- obstruction of flow (tumor, swelling, meningitis, overdeveloped choroid plexus in newborns

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13
Q

Hydrocephalus in babies?

A

Do not have the head sutures did not form → skull expands

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14
Q

Hydrocephalus in adults?

A

Presses down on the brain (affects brain fxn)

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15
Q

Hydrocephalus - tx?

A

shunt in to the area of the blockage to drain

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16
Q

What are the lobes of the brain?

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • temporal
  • occipital
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17
Q

Parts of frontal lobe?

A
  • primary motor cortex
  • premotor cortex
  • prefrontal cortex
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18
Q

Primary motor cortex?

A
  • Found in precentral gyrus
  • Conscious control of movement
  • Skilled and precise (pyramidal cells)
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19
Q

Premotor cortex?

A
  • Learned motor skills that are repetitious

- Patterned

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20
Q

Riding a bike, typing, driving?

A

Premotor cortex

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21
Q

Prefrontal cortex?

A
  • Anterior association area

- Cognitive fxn

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22
Q

Intellect, judgment, reasoning, abstract ideas, complex problem solving, conscience?

A

prefrontal cortex

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23
Q

Parietal lobe cortex parts?

A
  • primary somatosensory cortex
  • somatosensory association area
  • Gustatory cortex
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24
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex?

A
  • Found in post central gyrus
  • Conscious awareness of general sensation
  • ID body region being stimulated
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25
Q

“Ow, that’s hot. I stubbed my toe” etc?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

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26
Q

Somatosensory association area?

A

Integrate and analyze sensory inputs

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27
Q

“Finding a coin in your purse without looking.”

A

somatosensory association area

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28
Q

Gustatory cortex?

A

taste

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29
Q

*What is important to know about the cerebral cortex?

A

Processes sensory and motor information for contralateral body

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30
Q

Gryus?

A

Elevated ridge of tissue

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31
Q

Sulcus?

A

Shallow groove that separates gyri

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32
Q

Fissure?

A
  • Deeper groove

- Separates large regions of brain

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33
Q

Longitudinal fissure?

A

Separates cerebral hemispheres

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34
Q

Transverse fissure?

A

Separates cerebral hemispheres from cerebellum

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35
Q

Temporal lobe?

A
  • Primary auditory cortex

- Olfactory cortex

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36
Q

Occipital lobe?

A

Primary visual cortex: Contralateral visual field information

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37
Q

Homunculus?

A

Both precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus have specific mapping

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38
Q

Cerebral white matter?

A
  • Communication between cerebrum and lower CNS
  • Deep to gray matter of cortex
  • commissures, association fibers, projection fibers
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39
Q

Commissures?

A
  • Corpus callosum

- Connects two hemispheres

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40
Q

Association fibers?

A

W/in regions of same hemisphere

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41
Q

Frontal lobe and occipital lobe on the LEFT side?

A

Association fibers

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42
Q

Basal ganglia?

A
  • Deep cerebral gray matter
  • Involved in controlling movement
  • Influences muscle movement directed by primary motor cortex
  • Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
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43
Q

*Diencephalon?

A
  • surrounds third ventricle

- thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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44
Q

*Thalamus?

A

-Relay center
-Mediates:
o Sensation
o Motor activity
o Cortical arousal
o Memory
-Has different nucleus that is responsible for sensory and motor fxn

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45
Q

*Hypothalamus?

A

-Autonomic control center: sympathetic and parasymphetic → visceral motor
-Center for emotional response and behavior
-Regulates:
o Body temperature
o Food and water intake
o Sleep-wake cycle
-Endocrine control

46
Q

*Breathing, HR, BP, digestive – no control!

A

visceral motor (hypothalamus)

47
Q

*Epithalamus?

A
  • Pineal body (gland)

- Choroid plexus

48
Q

Pineal gland?

A

makes seratonin

49
Q

*Choroid plexus?

A
  • found in all ventricles

- makes CSF

50
Q

*Cerebellum?

A

-Subconscious control
-Smooth, coordinated movement
-Receives information from:
o Cerebral cortex about intended movement
o Rest of body
-Helps maintain posture and equilibrium
-2 cerebellar hemispheres

51
Q

Vermis?

A

connects two cerebellar hemispheres

52
Q

Folia?

A

parallel ridges in cerebellarl hemispheres

53
Q

*Parts of brainstem?

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
54
Q

*Midbrain? Cranial nerve?

A
  • Visual reflex center
  • Auditory reflex center
  • Substantia nigra
  • Cranial nerves III & IV
55
Q

*Visual reflex center?

A
  • midbrain

- eyes closing when something comes at your face

56
Q

Auditory reflex center?

A
  • midbrain

- startled by noise

57
Q

Substantia nigra?

A
  • midbrain

- dopamine related

58
Q

Parkinson dz?

A

less dopamine b/c less substantia nigra in midbrain

59
Q

*Pons? Cranial nerve?

A

-Tracts between:
o Higher brain and spinal cord
o Motor cortex and cerebellum
-Cranial nerve V, VI and VII

60
Q

*Medulla?

A
  • Helps maintain body homeostasis
  • Cardiovascular center
  • Respiratory center
  • Sensory relay
  • Continuous w/ spinal cord
  • Cranial nerves VII, IX, X, XI, XII
61
Q

*Limbic system?

A
  • Widespread throughout forebrain
  • Emotional brain
  • Smell that reminds you of… something! (Sander’s Lysol aversion) – emotional responses that remind you of memories
62
Q

*Reticular formation?

A
  • Throughout brainstem
  • Arousal of whole brain – not in a coma
  • Reticular activating system
63
Q

*Reticular activating system?

A
  • Mediates alertness of cerebral cortex
  • Filters sensory inputs – ability to ignore sounds/itchy
  • Helps prevent sensory overload – to help concentrate on topic
64
Q

*Reticular formation motor?

A

Helps control coarse skeletal muscle movement

65
Q

*Reticular formation visceral?

A

Helps regulate visceral motor fxn

66
Q

*Meninges?

A
  • CT coverings of CNS
  • Cover and protect CNS
  • Protect BV and enclose venous sinuses
  • Contains CSF
  • Form partitions in skull
67
Q

*Meninges - parts?

A

duramater
arachnoid
pia mater

68
Q

*What are the 5 embryonic regions of the brain?

A 
telencephalon
dienchephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon
69
Q

*What are the functional brian systems?

A
  • limbic

- RAS

70
Q

Dural sinuses?

A

formed by layers of dura mater

veins that drain the brain (blood and CSF) - into intenral jugral v

71
Q

Meninges spaces?

A

epidural
subdural
subarachnoid

72
Q

Spinal - Epidural meningeal space?

A

between mater and periosteum of bone
true space
area of epidural anesthesia

73
Q

spinal - Subdural meningeal space?

A

potential space

74
Q

spinal - Subarachnoid meningeal space?

A

deep to arachnoid
contains CSF
true space
lumbar spinal puncture

75
Q

Gray matter?

A

CNS

unmyelinated fibers

76
Q

White matter?

A

CNS

myelinated nerve fibers

77
Q

Ganglion?

A

nerve cell cluster or a group of nerve cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system

78
Q

Nucleus?

A

nucleus is a cluster of cell bodies within the CNS

ie basal nuclei

79
Q

Corticospinal tract: where do they run? info carried? ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

run: arises in cerebral cortex and passes through internal capsule, pons, medullary pyramids - crosses at medulla
info carried? voluntary control over motor responses; fine movements
voluntary control of half of the body by contralateral

80
Q

Dural sinuses parts?

A 
superior sagittal sinus
inferior sagittal sinus
straight sinus
confluence
transverse sinus
sigmoid sinus
81
Q

Superior sagittal sinus?

A

median plane

superior border of falx cerebri

82
Q

Inferior sagittal sinus?

A

inferior free border of falx cerebri

83
Q

Straight sinus?

A

joining of inferior sagittal sinus and great cerebral vein of Glane

84
Q

Confluence sinus?

A

common drainage for superior sagittal sinus and straight sinus

85
Q

Transverse sinus?

A

posterior border of tentorium cerebelli

86
Q

Sigmoid sinus?

A

S shaped outside dura mater

most dural sinsues drain into it - internal jugular vein

87
Q

Cavernous sinus?

A

surrounds pit gland
on each side of sella turcica
connects facial v; route for infection (danger triangle)

88
Q

Cavernous sinus relationship?

A 
pit gland
optic chiasm
internal carotid a
abducent n (CN VI)
CN III, IV, V1 and V2
89
Q

Blood supply to the brain?

A

internal carotid a
vertebral a
cerebral arterial circle/circle of willis

90
Q

Internal carotid a?

A

anterior cerebral a
anterior communicating a
middle cerebral a (not in circle of willis)
ophthalmic a (not in circle of willis)

91
Q

Anterior cerebral a?

A

medial and superior surfaces of cerebral hemispheres - except occipital lobes
frontal pole

92
Q

Middle crebral a give blood to?

A

most of lateral surface of cerebral hemisphere (frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes)
temporal pole

93
Q

Opthalmic a?

A

eye and orbit

travels w/ optic nerve

94
Q

Vertebral a?

A

basilar a

posterior cerebral a

95
Q

Posterior cerebral a?

A

inferior aspect of temporal and occipital lobes

occipital pole

96
Q

draw the circle of willis

A

draw!

97
Q

Spinothalamic tract: where do they run? info carried? ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

run: nucleus in dorsal horn –> crosses to contralateral white matter in lateral funiculus; through brainstem and synapse in thalamus
info: pain and temperature
contralateral to thalamus

98
Q

Medial lemnisucus: where do they run? info carried? ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

run: sensory fibers enter spinal cord and travel ipsilateral fasciculus gracilis; fibers cross midline w/in medulla
info carried: proprioception
ipsilateral

99
Q

Anatomy of spinal cord?

A

runs from foramen magnum to L2
medullary cone
cauda equina
filum terminale

100
Q

spinal cord in adults?

A

shorter than vertebral column

101
Q

Medullary cone?

A

tapered inferior end of spinal cord

102
Q

Cauda equina?

A

collection of nerve fibers of lumbar and sacral spinal nerves that emerge from distal spinal cord and travel inferiorly and exits through vertebral foramen

103
Q

Filum terminale?

A

consists of CT and pia mater
attached form end of spinal cord through sacral hiatus to coccyx
inferior anchoring/connecting point

104
Q

Blood supply to spinal cord?

A

anterior spinal artery runs length of cord and supplies anterior 2/3 of the circumference of spinal cord
posterior spinal arteries: two smaller arteries that run the length of cord and supply posterior 1/3 of circumference of spinal cord

105
Q

Spinal meninges?

A

fxn: support and protect
layers: dura mater, arachnoid, pia matter

106
Q

Dura mater-spinal meninges?

A

outermost

forms dural sac

107
Q

Arachnoid-spinal meninges?

A

spider like

middle

108
Q

Meninges?

A 
connective tissue coverings of CNS
cover and protect CNS, BV, and venous sinuses
contains CSF
form partitions in skull
-dura mater
-arachnoid
-pia mater
109
Q

Dura mater - meninges?

A

falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
falx cerebelli
daphragma sellae

110
Q

Arachnoid-meninges?

A

arachnoid granulations

weblike

111
Q

Pia mater -spinal cord

A

thin
vascularized
adherent to surface of brain and spinal cord
Part of Filum terminale

Anatomy (11 decks)

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