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Neurology > Neurology 3 > Flashcards

Neurology 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The 12 Cranial Nerves

A
  1. Olfactory 2. Optic 3. Oculomotor 4. Trochlear 5. Trigeminal 6. Abducens 7. Facial 8. Vestibulocochlear 9. Glossopharyngeal 10. Vagus 11. Accessory 12. Hypoglossal
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2
Q

Cranial Nerves: Sensory

A

CN 1, 2, 8

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3
Q

The exit point of CN V3

A

Mandibular Division: Foramen Ovale

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4
Q

Cranial Nerves: Motor

A

CN 3, 4, 6, 11, 12

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5
Q

The exit point of CN III-VI

A

Superior Orbital Fissure

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6
Q

Cranial Nerves: Vagal system

A

CN 10, 9, 7, 1 (1971)

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7
Q

Cranial Nerves: Midbrain

A

CN 3 and 4

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8
Q

The exit point of CN XII

A

Hypoglossal Canal

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9
Q

Cranial Nerves: Diencephalon

A

CN 2

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10
Q

The exit point of CN VII - VIII

A

Internal Acoustic Meatus (IAM)

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11
Q

Cranial Nerves: Telencephalon

A

CN 1

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12
Q

The exit point of CN I

A

Cribriform plate of Ethmoid

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13
Q

Cranial Nerves: Parasympathetic

A

CN 10, 9, 7, 3 (1973)

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14
Q

Cranial Nerves: Medulla Oblongata

A

CN 9, 10, 11, and 12

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15
Q

The exit point of CN V2

A

Maxillary Division: Foramen Rotundum

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16
Q

Cranial Nerves: Mixed

A

CN 10, 9, 7, 5 (1975)

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17
Q

Cranial Nerves: Pons

A

CN 5, 6, 7, and 8

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18
Q

The exit point of CN IX - XI

A

Jugular Foramen

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19
Q

The exit point of CN II

A

Optic Canal

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20
Q

Structures that exit Foramen Magnum

A

Spinal part of CN XII, Right & Left Vertebral Artery, Medulla Oblongata

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21
Q

Pathology of CN 1

A

Anosmia

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22
Q

Unilateral Anosmia is due to the affectation of what structures?

A

Olfactory bulb or tract

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23
Q

What causes Bilateral Anosmia?

A

Problems with mucus membrane (cold and allergy)

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24
Q

Two reflexes facilitated by Optic Nerve

A

Pupillary Light and Accommodation

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25
Q

Reflex based on the changes on the pupil in relation to the distance of the object

A

Accommodation Reflex

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26
Q

Reflex based on the constriction of pupil upon lighting the eye

A

Pupillary Light Reflex

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27
Q

Accommodation reflex: Near object

A

Lens Thicker, Converge, Pupil Constrict

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28
Q

In bright to dark light changes, how long before the eye adapts?

A

20 minutes

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29
Q

In dark to bright light changes, how long before the eye adapts?

A

5 minutes

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30
Q

5 refraction error pathology

A

Myopia, Hyperopia, Astigmatism, Presbyopia, Nyctalopia

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31
Q

Near-sightedness

A

Myopia

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32
Q

Hardened lens due to old age

A

Presbyopia

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33
Q

Far-sightedness

A

Hyperopia

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34
Q

Night blindness due to decrease Vit A

A

Nyctalopia

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35
Q

Lesions in refractory system

A

Astigmatism

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36
Q

2 intraocular pressure pathology

A

Glaucoma and Cataract

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37
Q

Peripheral dark spot

A

Glaucoma

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38
Q

Central dark spot

A

Cataract

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39
Q

Visual Pathway

A

BA 17 (Visual Cortex) > Optic Radiation > Optic Tract > Optic Chiasma > Optic Nerve

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40
Q

Lesion at Optic Radiation

A

(+) C/L Homonymous Quadrantinopisa

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41
Q

Lesion at Optic Nerve

A

(+) I/L Monocular Blindness

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42
Q

(+) C/L Homonymous Hemianopsia

A

Lesion at Optic Tract, Optic Radiation, and BA 17

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43
Q

Lesion at Optic Chiasma

A

(+) Bitemporal Hemianospia

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44
Q

2 fibers of Optic Radiation

A

Parietal and Temporal Fibers

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45
Q

Superior Fiber Lesion

A

Parietal = Inferior C/L Homonymous Quadrantinopisa

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46
Q

Inferior FIber Lesion

A

Temporal = Superior C/L Homonymous Quadrantinopisa

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47
Q

Assessment for Visual Acquity

A

Card (near) and Snellen Chart (far)

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48
Q

Distance for Snellen Chart assessment

A

20 ft or 6 m

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49
Q

Assessment for Visual Field

A

Confrontation test

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50
Q

Assessment for Color Vision

A

Ishihara’s

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51
Q

How to assess glaucoma and cataract

A

Intraocular Pressure = Tonometry

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52
Q

How to assess astigmatism and presbyopia

A

Refracting System = Retinoscopy

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53
Q

4 muscles supplied by the oculomotor nerve

A

EOM, Levator Palpabrae Superioris, Pupillary Muscle, and Cillary Muscle

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54
Q

Subjective Double Vision

A

Diplopia

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55
Q

The weakness of Medial Rectus

A

External Strabismus

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56
Q

Unequal Pupil Size

A

Argyll Robertson Pupil

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57
Q

Paralysis of the eye

A

Ophthalmoplegia

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58
Q

The weakness of constrictor pupillae

A

(-) Pupillary light and Accommodation Reflex

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59
Q

Reacting Affective Pupil Dilation

A

Marcus Gunn Pupil

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60
Q

Weakness of Levator Palpabrae

A

Ptosis

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61
Q

Ptosis is common in what type of condition?

A

Myasthenia Gravis

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62
Q

Internal Ophthalmoplegia

A

Spared EOM and Paralyzed Constrictor Papillae

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63
Q

Argyll Robertson Pupil Manifestation

A

ARP: Accommodation Reflex Present + Pupillary Light Reflex Absent

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64
Q

External Ophthalmoplegia

A

Paralyzed EOM and Spared Constrictor Papillae

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65
Q

What muscles are working when you look at the left side?

A

(R) MR and (L) LR

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66
Q

What muscles are working when you look at the right and upward?

A

(R) SR and (L) IO

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67
Q

What muscles are working when you look at the left and downward?

A

(R) SO and (L) IR

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68
Q

Pupillary Light Reflex: Afferent Nerve

A

CN II

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69
Q

Pupillary Light Reflex: Efferent Nerve

A

CN III

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70
Q

Light is shown in the (R) eye but the (R) pupil stayed dilated however the (L) pupil constricted

A

Lesion at (R) CN 3

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71
Q

Light is shown in the (R) eye but the (R) pupil stayed dilated and no consensual reflex happened. Then, light is shown in the (L) eye, the (L) pupil constricted and consensual reflex happened on the (R) eye.

A

Lesion and (R) CN 2

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72
Q

Light is shown in the (R) eye but the (R) pupil stayed dilated and no consensual reflex happened. Then, light is shown in the (L) eye but the (L) pupil stayed dilated and no consensual reflex happened.

A

Lesion at CN 3

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73
Q

Muscle supplied by Trochlear Nerve

A

SO4: Superior Oblique

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74
Q

Trochlear nerve pathology

A

Vertical Diplopia

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75
Q

Three divisions of Trigeminal Nerve

A

V1: Ophthalmic, V2: Maxillary, V3: Mandibular

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76
Q

Trigeminal Division: supplies Upper jaw

A

V2

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77
Q

Trigeminal Division: supplies Tip of the nose

A

V1

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78
Q

Trigeminal Division: supplies Mylohyoid

A

V3

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79
Q

Trigeminal Division: supplies Cornea and Eyelid

A

V1

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80
Q

Trigeminal Division: supplies Upper teeth

A

V2

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81
Q

Trigeminal Division: supplies Muscle of Mastication

A

V3

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82
Q

Muscles of Mastication

A

Masseter, Temporalis, Medial and Lateral Pterygoid

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83
Q

3 other muscles supplied by V3

A

Mylohyoid, Anterior Belly of Digastric, Tensor Tympani

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84
Q

Trigeminal Division: supplies Forehead and Scalp

A

V1

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85
Q

Trigeminal Neuralgia

A

Tic Douloreux

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86
Q

Involuntary blinking of the eyes elicited by stimulation of the cornea

A

Corneal Reflex (CN 5 lesion = negative reflex)

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87
Q

Lession due to affectation of tensor tympani

A

Hearing Loss

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88
Q

Muscle supplied by Abducens Nerve

A

Lateral Rectus

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89
Q

2 Abducens Nerve Pathology

A

Horizontal Diplopia and Internal Strabismus

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90
Q

Muscle for Distaste

A

Procerus

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91
Q

Muscle for Grimace

A

Risorius

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92
Q

Muscle for Smiling

A

Zygomaticus Major or Minor

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93
Q

Muscle for Pouting

A

Mentalis

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94
Q

Muscle for Egad

A

Platysma

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95
Q

Muscle for Frowning

A

Corregator Supercilli

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96
Q

Muscle for Blinking or Winking

A

Orbicularis Oculi

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97
Q

Muscle for Kissing

A

Orbicularis Oris

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98
Q

Muscle for Sneering

A

Levator Anguli Oris

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99
Q

Muscle for Sucking or Blowing

A

Buccinator

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100
Q

3 Nucleus of Facial Nerve

A

Mesencephalic, Chief or Main Sensory and Spinal

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101
Q

CN 7 Nucleus: Pain and Temp

A

Spinal Nucleus

102
Q

CN 7 Nucleus: Proprioception

A

Mesencephalic Nucleus

103
Q

CN 7 Nucleus: Discriminative sensation and Light Touch

A

Chief or Main Sensory Nucleus

104
Q

A general sensation of anterior 2/3 tongue

A

CN V3: Mandibular Division

105
Q

A general sensation and taste of posterior 1/3 tongue

A

CN 9

106
Q

A general taste of anterior 2/3 tongue

A

CN 7

107
Q

(+) Horizontal Diplopia

A

CN 6

108
Q

(+) External Strabismus

A

CN 3

109
Q

(+) Vertical Diplopia

A

CN 4

110
Q

(+) Internal Strabismus

A

CN 6

111
Q

5 glands innervated by Facial Nerve

A

Lacrimal, Nasal, Palatine, Sublingual, Submandibular

112
Q

4 other muscles innervated by Facial Nerve

A

PASS: Posterior belly of digastric, Auricular, Stylohyoid, Stapedius

113
Q

Bell’s Palsy 6 Site of Lesion

A

“Sharon Cuneta Says Gaby Is Pangit”

Stylohyoid, Chorda Tympani, Stapedius, Geniculate Body, IAM, Pons

114
Q

Bell’s Palsy: Lesion at Stylohyoid

A

Facial Paralysis

115
Q

Bell’s Palsy: (+) Hyperacusis

A

Stapedius

116
Q

Bell’s Palsy: Lesion at IAM

A

Facial Paralysis + Hearing Problem

117
Q

Bell’s Palsy: (+) Loss of Taste

A

Chorda Tympani

118
Q

Bell’s Palsy: Lesion at Geniculate Body

A

Facial Paralysis + Loss of Taste + Hyperacusis

119
Q

Bell’s Palsy: Lesion at Pons

A

Facial Paralysis + Loss of Taste + Hyperacusis + Hearing Problem

120
Q

Stimulus for Marcus Gunn and Marin Amat

A

Jaw Opening

121
Q

Facial nerve assessment using tapping of parotid gland

A

Chvostek

122
Q

(+) Bell’s Phenomenon

A

Rolling of the eye upward and outward

123
Q

(+) Marcus Gunn

A

Eye Opening

124
Q

(+) Chvostek

A

Twitching of facial muscle

125
Q

(+) Marin Amat

A

Eye closure

126
Q

Auditory muscles supplied by CN 8

A

Organ of Corti

127
Q

3 sensory feedback of balance

A

Visual, Vestibular and Somatosensory (Proprio)

128
Q

How to identify if the balance problem is associated with the vestibular system

A

(+) Romberg’s and occlusion of hearing

129
Q

Romberg’s: (+) Eye Closing

A

Dorsal Column Affectation

130
Q

Romberg’s: (+) Eye Opening

A

Nervous System

131
Q

Hearing loss due to the lesion of the inner ear and CN 8

A

Sensorineural deafness

132
Q

Nystagmus seen in patients with CN 8 problem

A

Peripheral Nystagmus

133
Q

How long does peripheral nystagmus lasts?

A

1 week

134
Q

Hearing loss due to the lesion of the outer ear and middle ear

A

Conduction deafness

135
Q

Bilateral affectation of CN 8

A

(+) Dysequilibrium

136
Q

Hearing loss due to the lesion of the BA 41 & 41

A

Cortical Deafness

137
Q

Ringing of ear

A

Tinnitus

138
Q

Common s/sx seen in patients with BPPV

A

Vertigo

139
Q

3 Auditory Ossicles

A

Malleus, Incus and Stapes

140
Q

Auditory Ossicles: Hammer

A

Malleus

141
Q

Auditory Ossicles: Stirrup

A

Stapes

142
Q

Auditory Ossicles: Anvil

A

Incus

143
Q

CN 8 Assessment: Rotation of head to 45 degrees

A

Dix Hallpike

144
Q

CN 8 Assessment: Tuning fork at the vertex

A

Weber

145
Q

CN 8 Assessment: Tuning for at the Mastoid Process

A

Rinne’s

146
Q

Normal Rinne’s

A

Air is louder and longer than Bone Conduction

147
Q

Both air ad bone conduction is diminished

A

Sensorineural deafness

148
Q

Bone conduction is louder and longer than air

A

Conduction deafness

149
Q

Caloric Testing

A

COWS: Cold - Opposite side nystagmus; Warm - Same side Nystagmis

150
Q

Muscle innervated by CN 9

A

Stylopharyngeus muscle

151
Q

2 autonomic glands innervated by CN 9

A

Parotid Gland and Carotid Sinus

152
Q

2 Glossopharyngeal nerve pathology

A

Difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia) and speaking (dysarthria)

153
Q

Decrease saliva production

A

Aptyalia

154
Q

Loss of taste

A

Ageusia

155
Q

CN in Nucleus Ambiguous

A

CN 9 and 10

156
Q

CN in Nucleus Salivatory

A

CN 7 and 9

157
Q

CN in Nucleus Solitarius

A

CN 7, 9, 10

158
Q

6 Autonomic Functions of Vagus Nerve

A

Cardio, Pulmo, GIT, Kidneys, Epiglottis, Uvula

159
Q

Hoarseness of Voice

A

Dysphonia

160
Q

4 Vagal Pathology

A

Dysphonia, Speech & Swallow, Autonomic Dysfunction and Uvula Deviation

161
Q

Afferent of Gag Reflex

A

CN 9

162
Q

Efferent of Gag Reflex

A

CN 10

163
Q

Muscles innervated by CN 10

A

Palatoglossus muscle

164
Q

Structures innervated by Accessory nerve - Cranial division

A

Soft palate, Pharynx, Larynx

165
Q

Two muscles innervated by the Accessory nerve - Spinal division

A

SCM and Trapezius

166
Q

Three tongue muscles innervated by CN 12

A

Genioglossus, Hyoglossus and Styloglossus

167
Q

Tongue muscle: Elevate

A

Palatoglossus

168
Q

Tongue muscle: Retract

A

Styloglossus

169
Q

Tongue muscle: Protract

A

Genioglossus

170
Q

Tongue muscle: Depress

A

Hyoglossus

171
Q

2 Hypoglossal Nerve Pathology

A

Dysarthria and Tongue Deviation

172
Q

(+) Jaw Deviation

A

CN 5

173
Q

Ipsilateral Deviation d/t CN affectation

A

Jaw and Tongue

174
Q

Contralateral Deviation d/t CN affectation

A

Uvula

175
Q

(+) Tongue Deviation

A

CN 12

176
Q

(+) Uvula Deviation

A

CN 10

177
Q

How many thoracic spinal nerves we have?

A

12

178
Q

How many lumbar spinal nerves we have?

A

5

179
Q

How many cervical spinal nerves we have?

A

8

180
Q

How many coccygeal spinal nerves we have?

A

1

181
Q

How many sacral spinal nerves we have?

A

5

182
Q

The largest nerve in Cervical Plexus

A

Phrenic Nerve (C3-5)

183
Q

The largest nerve in Sacral Plexus

A

Sciatic Nerve

184
Q

The term that describes the spinal nerve branch and its branches

A

Ramus

185
Q

The largest nerve in Lumbar Plexus

A

Femoral Nerve(anterior crural)

186
Q

The largest nerve in Brachial Plexus

A

Radial Nerve (musculospiral)

187
Q

3 layers of the nerve

A

Epineurium (outer), Perineurium (middle), Endoneurium (inner)

188
Q

A layer of the nerve composed of a dense network of collagen fibers

A

Epineurium

189
Q

Brachial Plexus: Roots

A

C5-T1

190
Q

Brachial Plexus: Upper Trunk Roots

A

C5-6

191
Q

Brachial Plexus: Lower Trunk Roots

A

C8-T1

192
Q

Brachial Plexus: Middle Trunk Roots

A

C1

193
Q

Brachial Plexus: Lateral Cord branches

A

LML: Lateral Portion of Median Nerve, Musculocutaneous Nerve, and Lateral Pectoral Nerve

194
Q

Brachial Plexus: Upper Trunk Branches

A

Nerve to subclavius and suprascapular nerve

195
Q

Brachial Plexus: Medial Cord Branches

A

UMMM: Ulnar Nerve, Medial Portion of Median Nerve, Medial Pectoral Nerve and Medial Cutaneous of Arm & FA

196
Q

Brachial Plexus: C5 branch

A

Dorsal Scapular Nerve

197
Q

Brachial Plexus: Posterior Cord Branches

A

ULTRA: Upper and Lower Subscapular Nerve, Thoracodorsal Nerve, Radial Nerve and Axillary Nerve

198
Q

Brachial Plexus: C5, C6, C7 branch

A

Long Thoracic Nerve

199
Q

Lumbar Plexus: Roots

A

T12 - L4

200
Q

Lumbar Plexus: Anterior L2-4

A

Obturator

201
Q

Lumbar Plexus: Anterior L1-2

A

Genitofemoral

202
Q

Lumbar Plexus: Posterior L2-4

A

Femoral

203
Q

Lumbar Plexus: Posterior L2-3

A

Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve

204
Q

Lumbar Plexus: Anterior T12-L1

A

Iliohypogastric

205
Q

Lumbar Plexus: Anterior L1

A

Ilioinguinal

206
Q

Sacral Plexus: Roots

A

L4 - S3

207
Q

Sacral Plexus: Posterior L4-S2

A

Superior Gluteal

208
Q

Sacral Plexus: Anterior L5-S3

A

Nerve to Obturator Internus

209
Q

Sacral Plexus: Anterior L4-S2

A

Nerve to Quadratus Femoris

210
Q

Sacral Plexus: Posterior S1 - S3

A

Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve

211
Q

Sacral Plexus: Posterior L5-S3

A

Inferior Gluteal

212
Q

Sacral Plexus: Anterior L4- S3

A

Tibial

213
Q

Sacral Plexus: Posterior L4- S2

A

Common Peroneal

214
Q

Outflow of SNS

A

Thoracolumbar

215
Q

Outflow of PSNS

A

Craniosacral

216
Q

Ganglionic NT of PSNS

A

Ach

217
Q

Post-Ganglionic NT of SNS

A

NE / Epi

218
Q

Ganglionic NT of SNS

A

Ach

219
Q

Post-Ganglionic NT of PSNS

A

Ach

220
Q

SNS Manifestation: Sweat, Cardiac Muscle force, and BP

A

Increase

221
Q

PSNS Manifestation: Liver

A

NR

222
Q

PSNS: Pupil and Bronchi

A

Constrict

223
Q

SNS: Systemic Artery

A

Constrict

224
Q

SNS: Pupil and Bronchi

A

Dilate

225
Q

PSNS: Male Reproduction System

A

Erection

226
Q

SNS: Bladder Detrussor

A

Relax

227
Q

PSNS: GIT Peristalsis

A

Increase

228
Q

SNS: Male Reproduction System

A

Ejaculate

229
Q

SNS Manifestation: Liver

A

Increase

230
Q

PSNS: Bladder Detrussor

A

Constrict

231
Q

SNS: Bladder Sphincter

A

Contract

232
Q

Pathway of nerve impulses to produce voluntary movements

A

Somatic Nervous System

233
Q

Reflex Arc

A

Receptor > Afferent Fibers > SC > Efferent Fibers > Effectors

234
Q

2 reflexes under Monosynaptic Reflex

A

DTR and Superficial Reflex

235
Q

2 reflexes under Polysynaptic Reflex

A

Flexor Withdrawal and Crossed Extension

236
Q

Motor Response to certain stimuli

A

Reflex

237
Q

6 Mechanoreceptors

A

Cutaneous Sensory Receptors, Merkel’s, Meissner’s Ruffini’s, Krause End Bulb, Pacinian

238
Q

6 Deep Joint Receptors

A

Muscle Spindle, GTO, Thermoreceptor, Nociceptors, Chemoreceptors, Electromagnetic

239
Q

Electromagnetic receptor for dark

A

Rod

240
Q

Electromagnetic receptor for light

A

Cones

241
Q

3 main division of reflexes

A

Spinal, Brainstem and Autonomic

242
Q

7 Spinal Reflexes

A

Flexor Withdrawal, Crossed Extension, Moro, Startle, Traction, Palmar Grasp and Plantar Grasp

243
Q

5 Brainstem Reflexes

A

ATNR, STNR, TLR, Positive Supporting and Associated Reaction

244
Q

The smallest muscle in the body

A

Stapedius

245
Q

“Trumpeteer” muscle

A

Buccinator

246
Q

The smallest and stupid cranial nerve

A

Trochlear

247
Q

The longest cranial nerve

A

Vagus

248
Q

The largest cranial nerve

A

Trigeminal

249
Q

The longest intracranial course

A

Abducens

250
Q

Only sensory input that does not synapse in the thalamus

A

Olfactory

Neurology (14 decks)

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