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Neurology > Neurology 1 > Flashcards

Neurology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerve a human body has?

A

12 pairs

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2
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerve a human body has?

A

31 pairs

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3
Q

The nervous system for emergency purposes

A

Sympathetic Nerve

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4
Q

Embryologic Division for Forebrain

A

Prosencephalon

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5
Q

Three main cell layers of the Neuro embryology

A

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm

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6
Q

Closure of anterior neuropore

A

24-25 days

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7
Q

Closure of posterior neuropore

A

26-27 days

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8
Q

Embryologic Division for Midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

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9
Q

Neurological embryology cell layer for nervous system and skin

A

Ectoderm

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10
Q

Subdivision of Midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

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11
Q

Embryologic Division for Hindbrain

A

Rhobencephalon

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12
Q

Subdivisions of Prosencephalon

A

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

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13
Q

Adult structures under Diencephalon

A

SHET. Pineal Body, Infundibulum

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14
Q

“SHET”

A

Subthalamaus, Hypothalamus, Epithelamus, Thalamus

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15
Q

Subdivision of Rhombencephalon

A

Metencephalon and Myelencephalon

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16
Q

Adult structures under Mesencephalon

A

Tectum, Tegmentum, Crus Cerebi

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17
Q

The cavity in the Telencephalon

A

Lateral Ventricle

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18
Q

Neurological embryology cell layer for muscles and vascular tissues

A

Mesoderm

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19
Q

Complete closure of neuropore

A

28 days

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20
Q

Adult structures under Telencephalon

A

Cerebral cortex, Basal Ganglia (subcortical white matter), and Hippocampus

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21
Q

Adult structures under Metencephalon

A

Pons and Cerebellum

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22
Q

The cavity in the Diencephalon

A

Third Ventricle

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23
Q

The cavity in the Mesencephalon

A

Cerebral Aqueduct

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24
Q

Adult structures under Myelencephalon

A

Medulla Oblongata and Spinal Cord

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25
Q

The cavity in the Rhombencephalon

A

Fourth Ventricle

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26
Q

Neurological embryology cell layer for GIT, lungs, liver, and other visceral organs

A

Endoderm

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27
Q

The basic unit of the nervous system

A

Neurons

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28
Q

Non-excitable cells and supporting structure in the nerve

A

Neuroglia

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29
Q

Away, Efferent

A

Axon

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30
Q

Control center of the neuron

A

Nucleus

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31
Q

Covers the axon for faster conduction

A

Myelin Sheath

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32
Q

Towards, Afferent

A

Dendrites

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33
Q

Neuroglia ratio

A

10 neuroglia: 1 neuron

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34
Q

Neuroglia in CNS

A

Astrocytes, Microglia, Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal Cells

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35
Q

Neuroglia in PNS

A

Satellite cells, Schwann Cells

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36
Q

Type of nerve fiber per size: Long Axons

A

Golgi Type 1

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37
Q

Type of nerve fiber per size: greater in number

A

Golgi Type 2

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38
Q

Supporting framework of CNS

A

Astrocytes

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39
Q

Formation of myelin sheath in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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40
Q

Ratio of Oligodendrocytes

A

1 Oligodendrocyte: 60 neuron

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41
Q

Immune effector cells with phagocytic activity

A

Microglia

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42
Q

Lines cavities of the brain and central canal of SC

A

Ependymal cells

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43
Q

Formation of myelin sheath in PNS

A

Schwann Cells

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44
Q

Directs CSF Flow

A

Ependymal cells

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45
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: CNS has a lymphatic drainage

A

False

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46
Q

Supporting framework of PNS

A

Satellite Cells

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47
Q

Afferent Nerve Fiber

A

Alpha

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48
Q

Efferent Nerve Fiber

A

Gamma

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49
Q

Nerve fiber: touch, pressure, vibration

A

A-Beta

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50
Q

RAGS

A

Rigidity = Alpha; Spasticity = Gamma

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51
Q

Nerve fiber: stimulated in TENS

A

A-Beta

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52
Q

Nerve fiber: for tension

A

GTO

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53
Q

COPS

A

CNS = Oligodendrocytes; PNS = Schwann Cells

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54
Q

Nerve fiber: excessive lengthening

A

Primary Muscle Spindle

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55
Q

AEGIs

A

Alpha = Extrafusal; Gamma = Intrafusal

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56
Q

Nerve fiber: Secondary Muscle Spindle

A

A-Gamma

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57
Q

Nerve fiber: Preganglionic Sympathetic

A

B fibers

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58
Q

Nerve fiber: Fast pain and cold temp

A

A-delta

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59
Q

Nerve fiber: Slow pain and hot temp

A

C fibers

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60
Q

First nerve to be recruited

A

Small diameter nerve fibers

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61
Q

Fast conduction nerve

A

Large diameter nerve fibers

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62
Q

Pain fibers: Superficial and Acute

A

Fast (A-delta)

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63
Q

Pain fibers: Deep and Chronic

A

Slow (C)

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64
Q

The largest structure of the brain

A

Cerebrum

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65
Q

Origin of the corticospinal tract

A

Betz cells

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66
Q

6 layers of the Cerebral cortex

A

Molecular, External Granular, External Pyramidal, Internal Granular, Internal Pyramidal, Multiform

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67
Q

Location of Betz Cells

A

Internal Pyramidal

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68
Q

Non-dominant Hemisphere

A

Right

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69
Q

The function of the Right Hemisphere

A

HAMM: Hemineglect, Arts, Music, Memory

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70
Q

Dominant Hemisphere

A

Left

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71
Q

The function of the Left Hemisphere

A

MALI: Math, Analytical, Language, Ideomotor/Ideational

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72
Q

Presentation of the lesion in Cerebral Cortex

A

Contralateral

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73
Q

Apraxia of Right Hemisphere

A

Dressing and Constructional

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74
Q

Apraxia: Can do the task on their own but cannot in command

A

Ideomotor

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75
Q

The function of the Frontal Lobe

A

CIJ-PEM: Cognition, Intelligence, Judgement, Procedural memory, Emotion, Motor

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76
Q

The function of the Parietal Lobe

A

Sensation, Perception

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77
Q

The function of the Temporal Lobe

A

Hearing, Declarative Memory, Smell

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78
Q

The function of the Occipital Lobe

A

Vision

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79
Q

The function of the Insular Lobe

A

Pain, Emotion associated with olfaction, Decision making

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80
Q

Composition of Limbic Lobe

A

PUCHA: Parahippocampal gyrus, Uncus, Cingulate Gyrus, Hippocampus, Amygdala

81
Q

Limbic: memory and learning

A

Parahippocampal gyrus

82
Q

Amnesia with recent memories

A

Anterograde

83
Q

Limbic: connected to CN 1

A

Cingulate Gyrus

84
Q

Amnesia with past memories

A

Retrograde

85
Q

Limbic: LTM by repetition

A

Hippocampus

86
Q

Limbic: pain, emotion, and libido

A

Amygdala

87
Q

“Ammons Horn”

A

Hippocampus

88
Q

A lesion in the amygdala that presents with hypersexuality, hyperorality, and personality change

A

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

89
Q

Limbic: formation of new memory

A

Uncus

90
Q

5 BA: Frontal Lobe

A

BA 4, 6, 8, 9-12, 44

91
Q

“Broca’s Area”

A

BA 44

92
Q

BA: the seat of intelligence

A

BA 9-12

93
Q

“Premotor Area”

A

BA 6

94
Q

BA: Execution of motor movements

A

BA 4

95
Q

BA: Planning and coordination of movement

A

BA 6

96
Q

“Primary Motor Area”

A

BA 4

97
Q

BA: Voluntary Eye Movements

A

BA 8

98
Q

“Prefrontal Area”

A

BA 9-12

99
Q

BA: Motor Speech Area

A

BA 44

100
Q

“Frontal Eye Field”

A

BA 8

101
Q

Eye movement that follows the movement of the object

A

Saccadic

102
Q

Eye movement that linear movement of both eyes

A

Smooth Pursuit

103
Q

Eye movement the movement of both eyes at the same time

A

Conjugate Gaze

104
Q

BA: (+) Flaccidity

A

BA 4 (Primary Motor)

105
Q

BA: (+) Spasticity

A

BA 6 (Premotor)

106
Q

Lesion of BA 8 (Frontal Eye Field)

A

Frontal gaze palsy C/L to the lesion

107
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

MEN: Motor, Expressive, Non-fluent

108
Q

5 BA: Parietal Lobe

A

BA 312, 5-7, 39, 40, 43

109
Q

“Primary Somatosensory”

A

BA 312

110
Q

BA: Connects occipital lobe to Wernicke’s area

A

BA 39

111
Q

“Angular Area”

A

BA 39

112
Q

BA: Taste Sensation

A

BA 43

113
Q

BA: Interprets sensory signals from the thalamus

A

BA 312

114
Q

“Primary Gustatory”

A

BA 43

115
Q

BA: Proprioception, Kinesthesia, Vibration

A

BA 5,7

116
Q

“Secondary, Association”

A

BA 5,7

117
Q

“Supramarginal Gyrus”

A

BA 40

118
Q

BA: Sensory input for hearing

A

BA 40

119
Q

BA: (+) Hemianesthesia

A

BA 312

120
Q

BA: (+) Astereognosis

A

BA 5,7

121
Q

BA: (+) Aguesia

A

BA 43

122
Q

BA: (+) Ideomotor Apraxia

A

BA 40

123
Q

BA: (+) Gerstmann’s Syndrome

A

BA 39

124
Q

Gerstmann’s Syndrome

A

L&R Discrimination, Finger Agnosia, Acalculia, Agraphia

125
Q

BA: (+) Anosognosia

A

BA 40

126
Q

3 BA: Temporal Lobe

A

BA 41, 42, 22

127
Q

“Wernicke’s Area”

A

BA 22

128
Q

“Herschel / Primary Auditory”

A

BA 41

129
Q

“Secondary Auditory”

A

BA 42

130
Q

BA: (+) Deafness

A

BA 41-42

131
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

SRF: Sensory, Receptive, Fluent

132
Q

3 BA: Occipital Lobe

A

BA 17, 18, 19

133
Q

BA: (+) C/L homonymous hemianopsia

A

BA 17

134
Q

BA: (+) Color Agnosia and Alexia s Agraphia

A

BA 18

135
Q

BA: (+) Simultagnosia and Prosopagnosia

A

BA 18-19

136
Q

Color Blindness

A

Color Agnosia

137
Q

Inability to recognize his/her condition

A

Anosognosia

138
Q

Absence of skill without weakness

A

Apraxia

139
Q

Inability to know

A

Agnosia

140
Q

Inability to perceive more than a single object at a time

A

Simultagnosia

141
Q

Inability to recognize familiar faces

A

Prosopagnosia

142
Q

Inability to comprehend certain language

A

Aphasia

143
Q

Difficulty in reading but can write

A

Alexia without agraphia

144
Q

The external surface of the brain that increases the surface area

A

Gyrus/Folds

145
Q

The condition with multiple small gyri that results in mental retardation

A

Polymicrogyria

146
Q

The fissure that divides R & L hemisphere

A

Medial Longitudinal Fissure

147
Q

The sulcus that divides the cuneus gyrus and lingual gyrus

A

Calcarine Sulcus

148
Q

“Balint Syndrome”

A

Simultagnosia

149
Q

The sulcus that divides the precentral and post-central gyrus

A

Central Sulcus

150
Q

The sulcus that divides the temporal lobes with other structure

A

Lateral Fissure

151
Q

Other names of Central Sulcus

A

Rolandic Fissure

152
Q

The sulcus that divides the parietal lobes and occipital lobes

A

Parieto-occipittal sulcus

153
Q

Other names of Lateral Sulcus

A

Sylvian Fissure

154
Q

Three fiber connection in the cerebral cortex

A

Commissural, Association, Projection

155
Q

Connection within the same hemisphere

A

Association

156
Q

Connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s

A

Arcuate Fasciculus

157
Q

The connection between L & R hemisphere

A

Commissural

158
Q

Example of Association Fiber Connection

A

Superior & Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus and Arcuate Fasciculus

159
Q

Fiber connection is seen in tracts

A

Projection

160
Q

“Great commissure”

A

Corpus Callosum

161
Q

Lesion at Arcuate Fasciculus will result in what kind of aphasia?

A

Conduction Aphasia (problem with repetition)

162
Q

`Projection away from the center; descending tracts

A

Corticofugal

163
Q

`Projection towards from the center; ascending tracts

A

Corticopetal

164
Q

Lentiform Nucleus

A

Globus Pallidus & Putamen

165
Q

Neostriatum

A

Caudate Nucleus & Putamen

166
Q

Corpus Striatum

A

Lentiform Nucleus & Neostriatum

167
Q

Paleostraitum

A

Globus Pallidus

168
Q

Functional Component of Basal Ganglia

A

Subthalamus, Subthalamic Nucleus, Substantia Nigra

169
Q

Part of substantia nigra that releases dopamine

A

Pars Compacta

170
Q

Part of substantia nigra that releases GABA

A

Pars Reticulata

171
Q

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

A

AGE: ACH, Glutamate, Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

172
Q

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

A

GABA, Dopamine, Glycine

173
Q

NT abundant in the spinal cord

A

Glycine

174
Q

NT abundant in the striatum

A

Dopamine

175
Q

NT abundant in the cerebral cortex

A

GABA

176
Q

Three functions of Basal Ganglia

A

Modulate movement, Initiate movement, Smoothen movement pattern

177
Q

PD SC GASH

A

Putamen = Dystonia; Striatum = Chorea; Globus Pallidus = Athetosis; Subthalamus = Hemiballismus

178
Q

Movement disorder: Proximal > Distal

A

Chorea

179
Q

Movement disorder: Flinging movements

A

Hemiballismus

180
Q

Movement disorder: Irregular, Jerky Movements

A

Chorea

181
Q

Movement disorder: Proximal < Distal

A

Athetosis

182
Q

Movement disorder: Worm-like, Slow rhythmical movements

A

Athetosis

183
Q

Hypothalamus: Circardian Rhythm

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

184
Q

Hypothalamus: Sweating, Panting, Vasodilation

A

Anterior

185
Q

Hypothalamus: Satiety Center

A

Medial

186
Q

Hypothalamus: Shivering, Piloerection, Vasoconstriction

A

Posterior

187
Q

Hypothalamus: Hunger and Thirst

A

Lateral

188
Q

Hypothalamus: Heat Regulation

A

Anterior

189
Q

Hypothalamus: Cold Regulation

A

Posterior

190
Q

Two structures in Epithalamus

A

Habenular Nucleus and Pineal Gland

191
Q

Epithalamus: secretes melatonin

A

Pineal Gland

192
Q

Epithalamus: for olfaction

A

Habenular Nucleus

193
Q

Sensory relay center of the nervous system

A

Thalamus

194
Q

What sensation doesn’t relay signals in thalamus

A

Olfaction

195
Q

Thalamus: touch, pressure, and vibration of limbs

A

Ventral Posterolateral (VPL)

196
Q

Thalamus: visual

A

Lateral Geniculate Body

197
Q

Thalamus: touch, pressure, and vibration of face

A

Ventral Posteromedial (VPM)

198
Q

Thalamus: auditory

A

Medial Geniculate Body

199
Q

Total number of nerves in the body

A

24 (cranial nerves) + 62 (spinal nerve) = 86 nerves

Neurology (14 decks)

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