Neurology 1 Flashcards
How many pairs of cranial nerve a human body has?
12 pairs
How many pairs of spinal nerve a human body has?
31 pairs
The nervous system for emergency purposes
Sympathetic Nerve
Embryologic Division for Forebrain
Prosencephalon
Three main cell layers of the Neuro embryology
Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm
Closure of anterior neuropore
24-25 days
Closure of posterior neuropore
26-27 days
Embryologic Division for Midbrain
Mesencephalon
Neurological embryology cell layer for nervous system and skin
Ectoderm
Subdivision of Midbrain
Mesencephalon
Embryologic Division for Hindbrain
Rhobencephalon
Subdivisions of Prosencephalon
Telencephalon and Diencephalon
Adult structures under Diencephalon
SHET. Pineal Body, Infundibulum
“SHET”
Subthalamaus, Hypothalamus, Epithelamus, Thalamus
Subdivision of Rhombencephalon
Metencephalon and Myelencephalon
Adult structures under Mesencephalon
Tectum, Tegmentum, Crus Cerebi
The cavity in the Telencephalon
Lateral Ventricle
Neurological embryology cell layer for muscles and vascular tissues
Mesoderm
Complete closure of neuropore
28 days
Adult structures under Telencephalon
Cerebral cortex, Basal Ganglia (subcortical white matter), and Hippocampus
Adult structures under Metencephalon
Pons and Cerebellum
The cavity in the Diencephalon
Third Ventricle
The cavity in the Mesencephalon
Cerebral Aqueduct
Adult structures under Myelencephalon
Medulla Oblongata and Spinal Cord
The cavity in the Rhombencephalon
Fourth Ventricle
Neurological embryology cell layer for GIT, lungs, liver, and other visceral organs
Endoderm
The basic unit of the nervous system
Neurons
Non-excitable cells and supporting structure in the nerve
Neuroglia
Away, Efferent
Axon
Control center of the neuron
Nucleus
Covers the axon for faster conduction
Myelin Sheath
Towards, Afferent
Dendrites
Neuroglia ratio
10 neuroglia: 1 neuron
Neuroglia in CNS
Astrocytes, Microglia, Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal Cells
Neuroglia in PNS
Satellite cells, Schwann Cells
Type of nerve fiber per size: Long Axons
Golgi Type 1
Type of nerve fiber per size: greater in number
Golgi Type 2
Supporting framework of CNS
Astrocytes
Formation of myelin sheath in CNS
Oligodendrocytes
Ratio of Oligodendrocytes
1 Oligodendrocyte: 60 neuron
Immune effector cells with phagocytic activity
Microglia
Lines cavities of the brain and central canal of SC
Ependymal cells
Formation of myelin sheath in PNS
Schwann Cells
Directs CSF Flow
Ependymal cells
TRUE OR FALSE: CNS has a lymphatic drainage
False
Supporting framework of PNS
Satellite Cells
Afferent Nerve Fiber
Alpha
Efferent Nerve Fiber
Gamma
Nerve fiber: touch, pressure, vibration
A-Beta
RAGS
Rigidity = Alpha; Spasticity = Gamma
Nerve fiber: stimulated in TENS
A-Beta
Nerve fiber: for tension
GTO
COPS
CNS = Oligodendrocytes; PNS = Schwann Cells
Nerve fiber: excessive lengthening
Primary Muscle Spindle
AEGIs
Alpha = Extrafusal; Gamma = Intrafusal
Nerve fiber: Secondary Muscle Spindle
A-Gamma
Nerve fiber: Preganglionic Sympathetic
B fibers
Nerve fiber: Fast pain and cold temp
A-delta
Nerve fiber: Slow pain and hot temp
C fibers
First nerve to be recruited
Small diameter nerve fibers
Fast conduction nerve
Large diameter nerve fibers
Pain fibers: Superficial and Acute
Fast (A-delta)
Pain fibers: Deep and Chronic
Slow (C)
The largest structure of the brain
Cerebrum
Origin of the corticospinal tract
Betz cells
6 layers of the Cerebral cortex
Molecular, External Granular, External Pyramidal, Internal Granular, Internal Pyramidal, Multiform
Location of Betz Cells
Internal Pyramidal
Non-dominant Hemisphere
Right
The function of the Right Hemisphere
HAMM: Hemineglect, Arts, Music, Memory
Dominant Hemisphere
Left
The function of the Left Hemisphere
MALI: Math, Analytical, Language, Ideomotor/Ideational
Presentation of the lesion in Cerebral Cortex
Contralateral
Apraxia of Right Hemisphere
Dressing and Constructional
Apraxia: Can do the task on their own but cannot in command
Ideomotor
The function of the Frontal Lobe
CIJ-PEM: Cognition, Intelligence, Judgement, Procedural memory, Emotion, Motor
The function of the Parietal Lobe
Sensation, Perception
The function of the Temporal Lobe
Hearing, Declarative Memory, Smell
The function of the Occipital Lobe
Vision
The function of the Insular Lobe
Pain, Emotion associated with olfaction, Decision making
Composition of Limbic Lobe
PUCHA: Parahippocampal gyrus, Uncus, Cingulate Gyrus, Hippocampus, Amygdala
Limbic: memory and learning
Parahippocampal gyrus
Amnesia with recent memories
Anterograde
Limbic: connected to CN 1
Cingulate Gyrus
Amnesia with past memories
Retrograde
Limbic: LTM by repetition
Hippocampus
Limbic: pain, emotion, and libido
Amygdala
“Ammons Horn”
Hippocampus
A lesion in the amygdala that presents with hypersexuality, hyperorality, and personality change
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
Limbic: formation of new memory
Uncus
5 BA: Frontal Lobe
BA 4, 6, 8, 9-12, 44
“Broca’s Area”
BA 44
BA: the seat of intelligence
BA 9-12
“Premotor Area”
BA 6
BA: Execution of motor movements
BA 4
BA: Planning and coordination of movement
BA 6
“Primary Motor Area”
BA 4
BA: Voluntary Eye Movements
BA 8
“Prefrontal Area”
BA 9-12
BA: Motor Speech Area
BA 44
“Frontal Eye Field”
BA 8
Eye movement that follows the movement of the object
Saccadic
Eye movement that linear movement of both eyes
Smooth Pursuit
Eye movement the movement of both eyes at the same time
Conjugate Gaze
BA: (+) Flaccidity
BA 4 (Primary Motor)
BA: (+) Spasticity
BA 6 (Premotor)
Lesion of BA 8 (Frontal Eye Field)
Frontal gaze palsy C/L to the lesion
Broca’s Aphasia
MEN: Motor, Expressive, Non-fluent
5 BA: Parietal Lobe
BA 312, 5-7, 39, 40, 43
“Primary Somatosensory”
BA 312
BA: Connects occipital lobe to Wernicke’s area
BA 39
“Angular Area”
BA 39
BA: Taste Sensation
BA 43
BA: Interprets sensory signals from the thalamus
BA 312
“Primary Gustatory”
BA 43
BA: Proprioception, Kinesthesia, Vibration
BA 5,7
“Secondary, Association”
BA 5,7
“Supramarginal Gyrus”
BA 40
BA: Sensory input for hearing
BA 40
BA: (+) Hemianesthesia
BA 312
BA: (+) Astereognosis
BA 5,7
BA: (+) Aguesia
BA 43
BA: (+) Ideomotor Apraxia
BA 40
BA: (+) Gerstmann’s Syndrome
BA 39
Gerstmann’s Syndrome
L&R Discrimination, Finger Agnosia, Acalculia, Agraphia
BA: (+) Anosognosia
BA 40
3 BA: Temporal Lobe
BA 41, 42, 22
“Wernicke’s Area”
BA 22
“Herschel / Primary Auditory”
BA 41
“Secondary Auditory”
BA 42
BA: (+) Deafness
BA 41-42
Wernicke’s Aphasia
SRF: Sensory, Receptive, Fluent
3 BA: Occipital Lobe
BA 17, 18, 19
BA: (+) C/L homonymous hemianopsia
BA 17
BA: (+) Color Agnosia and Alexia s Agraphia
BA 18
BA: (+) Simultagnosia and Prosopagnosia
BA 18-19
Color Blindness
Color Agnosia
Inability to recognize his/her condition
Anosognosia
Absence of skill without weakness
Apraxia
Inability to know
Agnosia
Inability to perceive more than a single object at a time
Simultagnosia
Inability to recognize familiar faces
Prosopagnosia
Inability to comprehend certain language
Aphasia
Difficulty in reading but can write
Alexia without agraphia
The external surface of the brain that increases the surface area
Gyrus/Folds
The condition with multiple small gyri that results in mental retardation
Polymicrogyria
The fissure that divides R & L hemisphere
Medial Longitudinal Fissure
The sulcus that divides the cuneus gyrus and lingual gyrus
Calcarine Sulcus
“Balint Syndrome”
Simultagnosia
The sulcus that divides the precentral and post-central gyrus
Central Sulcus
The sulcus that divides the temporal lobes with other structure
Lateral Fissure
Other names of Central Sulcus
Rolandic Fissure
The sulcus that divides the parietal lobes and occipital lobes
Parieto-occipittal sulcus
Other names of Lateral Sulcus
Sylvian Fissure
Three fiber connection in the cerebral cortex
Commissural, Association, Projection
Connection within the same hemisphere
Association
Connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s
Arcuate Fasciculus
The connection between L & R hemisphere
Commissural
Example of Association Fiber Connection
Superior & Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus and Arcuate Fasciculus
Fiber connection is seen in tracts
Projection
“Great commissure”
Corpus Callosum
Lesion at Arcuate Fasciculus will result in what kind of aphasia?
Conduction Aphasia (problem with repetition)
`Projection away from the center; descending tracts
Corticofugal
`Projection towards from the center; ascending tracts
Corticopetal
Lentiform Nucleus
Globus Pallidus & Putamen
Neostriatum
Caudate Nucleus & Putamen
Corpus Striatum
Lentiform Nucleus & Neostriatum
Paleostraitum
Globus Pallidus
Functional Component of Basal Ganglia
Subthalamus, Subthalamic Nucleus, Substantia Nigra
Part of substantia nigra that releases dopamine
Pars Compacta
Part of substantia nigra that releases GABA
Pars Reticulata
Excitatory Neurotransmitters
AGE: ACH, Glutamate, Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
GABA, Dopamine, Glycine
NT abundant in the spinal cord
Glycine
NT abundant in the striatum
Dopamine
NT abundant in the cerebral cortex
GABA
Three functions of Basal Ganglia
Modulate movement, Initiate movement, Smoothen movement pattern
PD SC GASH
Putamen = Dystonia; Striatum = Chorea; Globus Pallidus = Athetosis; Subthalamus = Hemiballismus
Movement disorder: Proximal > Distal
Chorea
Movement disorder: Flinging movements
Hemiballismus
Movement disorder: Irregular, Jerky Movements
Chorea
Movement disorder: Proximal < Distal
Athetosis
Movement disorder: Worm-like, Slow rhythmical movements
Athetosis
Hypothalamus: Circardian Rhythm
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Hypothalamus: Sweating, Panting, Vasodilation
Anterior
Hypothalamus: Satiety Center
Medial
Hypothalamus: Shivering, Piloerection, Vasoconstriction
Posterior
Hypothalamus: Hunger and Thirst
Lateral
Hypothalamus: Heat Regulation
Anterior
Hypothalamus: Cold Regulation
Posterior
Two structures in Epithalamus
Habenular Nucleus and Pineal Gland
Epithalamus: secretes melatonin
Pineal Gland
Epithalamus: for olfaction
Habenular Nucleus
Sensory relay center of the nervous system
Thalamus
What sensation doesn’t relay signals in thalamus
Olfaction
Thalamus: touch, pressure, and vibration of limbs
Ventral Posterolateral (VPL)
Thalamus: visual
Lateral Geniculate Body
Thalamus: touch, pressure, and vibration of face
Ventral Posteromedial (VPM)
Thalamus: auditory
Medial Geniculate Body
Total number of nerves in the body
24 (cranial nerves) + 62 (spinal nerve) = 86 nerves
