Neurology

Question 1

General functions of the nervous system (5 in total) (MISCT)

Answer 1

Sensory
Communicative
Integrative
Motor
To respond to both internal and external stimuli

Question 2

What two systems make up the nervous system?

Answer 2

Central nervous system - brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system - nerve fibers

Question 3

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
What are the different types of cranial nerves? (Not identify, just mention the category of nerve)

Answer 3

12 pairs. Sensory/Motor nerves, or both

Question 4

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? How many per section of the spines?

Certain important features regarding the spinal nerves (Just open to view if you dk)

Slide 7 of Neuro 1

Answer 4

31
8 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
1 Coccygeal

Other things to note:
- C8 nerve is squeezed in-between C7 and T1, thus all nerves from T1 onwards are all originating from its’ respective vertebral
- Spinal cord ends at ~L1, corresponding nerves just compress and continue downwards from the end of spinal cord and out its’ respective vertebrals

Question 5

Which 2 divisions make up the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Answer 5

Afferent division
Efferent division

Question 6

Definite the purpose of both Afferent and Efferent divisions in the PNS

Answer 6

Afferent - A for Away, transmit information to the CNS, primarily sensory stimuli and visceral stimuli
Efferent - E for Exit, transmit information from the CNS to effector organs

Question 7

Further division of the Efferent Nervous system

Answer 7

Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System

Question 8

Definite Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 8

SNS
- Made of fibers of the motor neurons that supply the skeletal muscle
- Voluntary control

ANS
- Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous system
- Made of fibers that innervate the smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands
- Involuntary control

Question 9

Page 10 and 11 of Neuro 1 has a good summary of the types of nervous systems and their components, as well as the organisation of the nervous system. Good to view!

Answer 9

GO SEE, i want to drop out alr (this is a cry for help)

Question 10

Two types of neurons that make up the autonomic nerve pathway

Answer 10

Preganglionic neuron
Postganglionic neuron

Question 11

What is the difference between both neurons in the autonomic nerve pathway

Answer 11

Preganglionic neuron - synapses with the postganglionic fiber’s cell body via the ganglion

Postganglionic neuron - sends axon to the effector organs

Question 12

Where are preganglionic neurons located based on spinal level

Answer 12

T1 to L2

Question 13

What is used to describe the sympathetic chain ganglia?

Answer 13

Beads on a chain structure (Page 14 of Neuro 1)

Question 14

What is special about the preganglionic length on sympathetic innervation

Answer 14

There is a shorter preganglionic, and a longer postganglionic

Question 15

What is special regarding the preganglionic fiber’s synapse ability

Answer 15

It can synapse with 1 or more ganglionic neurons, this network ensures whole SNS is activated, allowing activity to be sent out fast across the chain (Generalised sympathetic response)

Question 16

What is special about the preganglionic length on parasympathetic innervation

Answer 16

Long preganglionic, short postganglionic

Question 17

What organ regions does the parasympathetic division innervate

What nerve supplies majority of the output

Answer 17

Cranial, Trunk, Pelvic

Vagus nerve supplies ~75% of the output

Question 18

Effects of ANS on various organs

Answer 18

Page 16 of Neuro 1

Tip: Memorise it based on Parasympathetic as Resting and
Relaxing, and sympathetic as Fight or Flight

Question 19

What makes up the CNS

Answer 19

Brain
Spinal cord
Grey matter
White matter

Question 20

What is Grey and White matter

Answer 20

Grey matter - generic term for collection of soma in the CNS (The nucleus with all the tree branches thing)
White matter - generic term for collection of CNS axons (The long body)

Question 21

What is in place to protect the CNS from injury

Answer 21

Cranium and vertebral column
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid
Blood-brain barrier

Question 22

Describe the Mininges’ purpose and layers

Answer 22

3 membranes
- Wrap, Protect, Nourish
- Pia mater, Arachnoid mater, Dura mater (Inside to outside)

Question 23

What is present between the Pia mater and Arachnoid mater? What is it filled with

Answer 23

Subarachnoid space, filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Question 24

Describe the cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 24

Shock absorbing fluid
Surrounds and cushions the brain and spinal cord
Transport nutrients, chemical messengers, waste products

Question 25

How is the cerebrospinal fluid formed?

Answer 25

Via the choroid plexuses in brain's ventricles

Question 26

How many ventricles are there in the brain?

Answer 26

4, all connected together

Question 27

What is the pathway for the CSF within the brain?

Answer 27

1. Produced by the ependymal cells of the choroid plexus 2. Circulate throughout the ventricles 3. Exits the 4th ventricle 4. Flows in subarachnoid space 5. Reabsorbs into venous blood

Question 28

Purpose of a lumbar puncture?

Answer 28

Collection of fluid from within the subarachnoid space to identify any infections/tumors within the CNS

Question 29

Composition and purpose of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

Answer 29

Formed by networks of tight junctions Isolates CNS neural tissue from general circulation Regulates exchange between blood and brain - CSF and blood chemical composition can differ - Selectively isolate brain from chemicals in blood that might disrupt neural function

Question 30

Nourishment of the CNS

Answer 30

- constant need of oxygen and glucose via blood - does not store any glucose, only utilises it - cannot produce ATP without oxygen - 13%-15% Cardiac output (High % despite relatively small muscle)

Question 31

General function of the CNS (VEEPS)

Answer 31

Voluntarily control movement Engage in other higher cognitive processes Experiences emotions Perception of body and surroundings Subconsciously regulates homeostatic responses

Question 32

Components of the brain (BCF, DHT, CCB)

Answer 32

Brain Stem Cerebellum Forebrain 1. Diencephalon - hypothalamus - thalamus 2. Cerebrum - Cerebral cortex - Basal nuclei

Question 33

Structures of the brain

Answer 33

Cerebral cortex, Basal nuclei, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Cerebellum, Brain stem

Question 34

Function of Cerebral cortex (SMPH)

Answer 34

Sensations Movements Personality Higher order functions

Question 35

Function of Basal nuclei

Answer 35

Control of movement

Question 36

Function of Thalamus

Answer 36

Relays most of the sensory input

Question 37

Function of Hypothalamus

Answer 37

Homeostatic functions

Question 38

Function of Cerebellum

Answer 38

Control movements Balance

Question 39

Function of Brain stem

Answer 39

Vital physiological functions Centre of control

Question 40

4 lobes of the cerebral cortex, and what two structures separates what from each other

Answer 40

Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Central sulcus, separates frontal and parietal lobe (Front and back) Lateral fissue, separates frontal & parietal from temporal lobe (Up and down)

Question 41

What is dermatomes

Answer 41

Area of skin that is supplied by a single spinal cord level OR One side of the skin by a single spinal nerve

Question 42

What is myotomes

Answer 42

Portion of a skeletal muscle that is innervated by a single spinal cord level - usually innervated by nerves from >1 spinal cord level

Question 43

Spinal Nerves T1-L2 operate using two types of roots. What are the two roots and what passes through it?

Answer 43

Dorsal and Ventral root Dorsal - Sensory signals, Ventral - Motor signals

Question 44

What are the two ramus and what do they contain and what do they supply?

Answer 44

Posterior ramus - Both sensory and motor, supplies to posterior part of the body (skin and skeletal muscles of the back) Anterior ramus - both sensory and motor, supplies to anterior part of the body (body wall, limbs etc)

Question 45

Describe nerve plexuses

Answer 45

Either somatic or visceral Combination of fibers from different sources or levels to form new nerves with specific targets Damage to a single spinal nerve is less likely to result in paralysis

Question 46

2 examples of autonomic plexuses

Answer 46

Cardiac plexus Pulmonary plexus