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HSC1007 A&P - E > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

General functions of the nervous system (5 in total) (MISCT)

A

Sensory
Communicative
Integrative
Motor
To respond to both internal and external stimuli

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2
Q

What two systems make up the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system - brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system - nerve fibers

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3
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
What are the different types of cranial nerves? (Not identify, just mention the category of nerve)

A

12 pairs. Sensory/Motor nerves, or both

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4
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? How many per section of the spines?

Certain important features regarding the spinal nerves (Just open to view if you dk)

Slide 7 of Neuro 1

A

31
8 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
1 Coccygeal

Other things to note:
- C8 nerve is squeezed in-between C7 and T1, thus all nerves from T1 onwards are all originating from its’ respective vertebral
- Spinal cord ends at ~L1, corresponding nerves just compress and continue downwards from the end of spinal cord and out its’ respective vertebrals

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5
Q

Which 2 divisions make up the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Afferent division
Efferent division

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6
Q

Definite the purpose of both Afferent and Efferent divisions in the PNS

A

Afferent - A for Away, transmit information to the CNS, primarily sensory stimuli and visceral stimuli
Efferent - E for Exit, transmit information from the CNS to effector organs

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7
Q

Further division of the Efferent Nervous system

A

Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System

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8
Q

Definite Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System

A

SNS
- Made of fibers of the motor neurons that supply the skeletal muscle
- Voluntary control

ANS
- Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous system
- Made of fibers that innervate the smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands
- Involuntary control

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9
Q

Page 10 and 11 of Neuro 1 has a good summary of the types of nervous systems and their components, as well as the organisation of the nervous system. Good to view!

A

GO SEE, i want to drop out alr (this is a cry for help)

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10
Q

Two types of neurons that make up the autonomic nerve pathway

A

Preganglionic neuron
Postganglionic neuron

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11
Q

What is the difference between both neurons in the autonomic nerve pathway

A

Preganglionic neuron - synapses with the postganglionic fiber’s cell body via the ganglion

Postganglionic neuron - sends axon to the effector organs

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12
Q

Where are preganglionic neurons located based on spinal level

A

T1 to L2

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13
Q

What is used to describe the sympathetic chain ganglia?

A

Beads on a chain structure (Page 14 of Neuro 1)

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14
Q

What is special about the preganglionic length on sympathetic innervation

A

There is a shorter preganglionic, and a longer postganglionic

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15
Q

What is special regarding the preganglionic fiber’s synapse ability

A

It can synapse with 1 or more ganglionic neurons, this network ensures whole SNS is activated, allowing activity to be sent out fast across the chain (Generalised sympathetic response)

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16
Q

What is special about the preganglionic length on parasympathetic innervation

A

Long preganglionic, short postganglionic

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17
Q

What organ regions does the parasympathetic division innervate

What nerve supplies majority of the output

A

Cranial, Trunk, Pelvic

Vagus nerve supplies ~75% of the output

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18
Q

Effects of ANS on various organs

A

Page 16 of Neuro 1

Tip: Memorise it based on Parasympathetic as Resting and
Relaxing, and sympathetic as Fight or Flight

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19
Q

What makes up the CNS

A

Brain
Spinal cord
Grey matter
White matter

20
Q

What is Grey and White matter

A

Grey matter - generic term for collection of soma in the CNS (The nucleus with all the tree branches thing)
White matter - generic term for collection of CNS axons (The long body)

21
Q

What is in place to protect the CNS from injury

A

Cranium and vertebral column
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid
Blood-brain barrier

22
Q

Describe the Mininges’ purpose and layers

A

3 membranes
- Wrap, Protect, Nourish
- Pia mater, Arachnoid mater, Dura mater (Inside to outside)

23
Q

What is present between the Pia mater and Arachnoid mater? What is it filled with

A

Subarachnoid space, filled with cerebrospinal fluid

24
Q

Describe the cerebrospinal fluid

A

Shock absorbing fluid
Surrounds and cushions the brain and spinal cord
Transport nutrients, chemical messengers, waste products

25
Q

How is the cerebrospinal fluid formed?

A

Via the choroid plexuses in brain’s ventricles

26
Q

How many ventricles are there in the brain?

A

4, all connected together

27
Q

What is the pathway for the CSF within the brain?

A
  1. Produced by the ependymal cells of the choroid plexus
  2. Circulate throughout the ventricles
  3. Exits the 4th ventricle
  4. Flows in subarachnoid space
  5. Reabsorbs into venous blood
28
Q

Purpose of a lumbar puncture?

A

Collection of fluid from within the subarachnoid space to identify any infections/tumors within the CNS

29
Q

Composition and purpose of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)

A

Formed by networks of tight junctions

Isolates CNS neural tissue from general circulation
Regulates exchange between blood and brain
- CSF and blood chemical composition can differ
- Selectively isolate brain from chemicals in blood that might disrupt neural function

30
Q

Nourishment of the CNS

A
  • constant need of oxygen and glucose via blood
  • does not store any glucose, only utilises it
  • cannot produce ATP without oxygen
  • 13%-15% Cardiac output (High % despite relatively small muscle)
31
Q

General function of the CNS (VEEPS)

A

Voluntarily control movement
Engage in other higher cognitive processes
Experiences emotions
Perception of body and surroundings
Subconsciously regulates homeostatic responses

32
Q

Components of the brain
(BCF, DHT, CCB)

A

Brain Stem
Cerebellum
Forebrain
1. Diencephalon
- hypothalamus
- thalamus
2. Cerebrum
- Cerebral cortex
- Basal nuclei

33
Q

Structures of the brain

A

Cerebral cortex, Basal nuclei, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Cerebellum, Brain stem

34
Q

Function of Cerebral cortex (SMPH)

A

Sensations
Movements
Personality
Higher order functions

35
Q

Function of Basal nuclei

A

Control of movement

36
Q

Function of Thalamus

A

Relays most of the sensory input

37
Q

Function of Hypothalamus

A

Homeostatic functions

38
Q

Function of Cerebellum

A

Control movements
Balance

39
Q

Function of Brain stem

A

Vital physiological functions
Centre of control

40
Q

4 lobes of the cerebral cortex, and what two structures separates what from each other

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

Central sulcus, separates frontal and parietal lobe (Front and back)
Lateral fissue, separates frontal & parietal from temporal lobe (Up and down)

41
Q

What is dermatomes

A

Area of skin that is supplied by a single spinal cord level
OR
One side of the skin by a single spinal nerve

42
Q

What is myotomes

A

Portion of a skeletal muscle that is innervated by a single spinal cord level
- usually innervated by nerves from >1 spinal cord level

43
Q

Spinal Nerves T1-L2 operate using two types of roots. What are the two roots and what passes through it?

A

Dorsal and Ventral root
Dorsal - Sensory signals, Ventral - Motor signals

44
Q

What are the two ramus and what do they contain and what do they supply?

A

Posterior ramus - Both sensory and motor, supplies to posterior part of the body (skin and skeletal muscles of the back)

Anterior ramus - both sensory and motor, supplies to anterior part of the body (body wall, limbs etc)

45
Q

Describe nerve plexuses

A

Either somatic or visceral
Combination of fibers from different sources or levels to form new nerves with specific targets
Damage to a single spinal nerve is less likely to result in paralysis

46
Q

2 examples of autonomic plexuses

A

Cardiac plexus
Pulmonary plexus

47
Q
A

HSC1007 A&P - E (5 decks)

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