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HSC1007 A&P - E > Blood Composition & Function > Flashcards

Blood Composition & Function Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the function of blood

A
  • body’s long distance transport
  • regulation
  • hemostasis
  • immunity
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2
Q

what does blood transport (Hint: N E V H L W)

A
  • respiratory gases: O2 CO2
  • Nutrients
  • Electrolytes
  • Vitamins
  • Hormones
  • Lipids
  • Waste
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3
Q

what does blood regulate?

A
  • body temperature, re-distribution of heat
  • pH, ion concentration, Osmolality
  • hormones, from gland to target organ
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4
Q

what is hemostasis

A

complex and efficient pathway to prevent blood loss from a damaged blood vessel and tissue repair

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5
Q

what is blood made up of

A
  • RBC
  • WBC
  • platelets
  • plasma
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6
Q

what is the proteins present in plasma (in order of most to least)

A
  1. Albumin (60%)
  2. Globulin (35%)
  3. Fibrinogen (4%)
  4. Regulatory proteins (<1%)
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7
Q

what is the normal hematocrit and hemoglobin levels in male and females respectively

A

40%-54% and 37% to 47%

14-17 and 12-16

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8
Q

how does blood transport gases

A

Hemoglobin binds up to 4 oxygen molecules (4 folded polypeptide chains, 2 a + 2 b chains, each with a heme molecule)

Carbonic anhydrase converts CO2 into bicarbonate (HCO3), primary form of CO2 in blood

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9
Q

what is the replacement RBC production process called

A

erythropoiesis

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10
Q

3 development steps of erythroblasts from proerythroblasts (erythropoiesis)

what is required for this process

A
  1. ribosome synthesis in early erythrocytes
  2. hemoglobin accumulation in late erythroblasts and normoblasts
  3. eject nucleus from normoblasts and formation of reticulocytes

proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, folic acid, iron, vitamin b12

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11
Q

what two nutrients are required for healthy RBC production

A

vitamin b12 and folate (folic acid)

they are necessary for the synthesis of thymidylate, which is the nucleotide of thymine which is require for DNA

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12
Q

regulation of erythropoiesis

A
  1. lack of oxygen due to various reasons
  2. kidney (abit of liver, around 90-10)release erythropoietin
  3. erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow
  4. enhanced erythropoiesis increases RBC count
  5. RBC has increase oxygen carrying capacity
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13
Q

recycling of RBCs

A
  1. healthy RBC functions for 100-120 days
  2. aged or damaged RBCs are eaten by macrophages in the spleen, liver, bone marrow
  3. hemoglobin is broken down
  4. globin > amino acid
  5. iron binds to transferrin and released into blood
  6. food nutrients absorbed by intestine and released into blood
  7. all these raw materials into blood is for erythrocyte synthesis
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14
Q

Anemic, Polycythemia definition

A

Anemic means lower O2 carrying capacity in blood either through excessive bleeding or low Hb levels

Polycythemia means excess blood or low plasma volumes, both resulting in high hematocrit numbers

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15
Q

Everything about types of blood and compatibility

A

Type A blood - type A antigen, type B antibody

Type B Blood - vice versa

Thus, A cannot give B, as A will view type B antigen on type B blood as a foreign object and will attack it, causing clumping (agglutination) and the hemolysis

type AB blood got both A and B antigen

type O blood got no antigen

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16
Q

blood transfusion reaction? (A F H)

A

allergic - rashes/hives, facial flushing

febrile - fever, chills, anxiety, headache, tachycardia, tachypnea

hemolytic - chest pains, low back pains, low BP, high Resp rate, tachycardia

17
Q

how does vasoconstriction occur, and its purpose

A

Adenosine Diphosphate and thromboxane A2 to help stimulate smooth muscle contraction and vasoconstriction

slows down blood flow and reduces blood loss, allowing time for platelets and coagulation

18
Q

Platelets structure and lifecycle

A

no nuclei, contains contractile proteins actin and myosin, contains granules ADP, calcium, and growth factors PDGF and VEGF, contains factor VIII

PDGF - platelet derived growth factor
VEGF - vascular endothelial growth factor

Hemocytoblast > megakaryoblast > promegakaryocyte > megakaryocyte > platelets

19
Q

formation of platelet plug

A
  1. exposed collagen at the vessel’s injury attracts circulating platelets (vWF forms bridge between collagen and platelets)
  2. activated platelets release ADP and thromboxane A2, attracting more platelets
  3. newly attracted platelets release even more ADP and thromboxane A2
  4. Fibrin forms a mesh that traps RBCs and platelets, forming the clot
  5. undamaged endothelium releases prostacyclin and nitric oxide to prevent platelets from aggregating, keeping it on the site of injury
20
Q

Intrinsic vs Extrinsic pathway differences

A

Intrinsic is
- for internal vessel damage
- takes longer
- require factors XII, XI, IX, VIII and calcium

Extrinsic is
- external vessel damage
- shorter time
- require factor VII and tissue factor (III) and calcium

21
Q

What is the common pathway

A

Factor X > Xa
Factor V > Va
with calcium and platelet factor 3
- become a prothrombin activator

Prothrombin (II) into thrombin (IIa)
Activated fibrinogen (I) into fibrin and factor XIII into factor XIIIa with calcium

together they make a cross-linked fibrin polymer

22
Q

What coagulation factors are affected by Vitamin K (or Warfarin)

A

Factors X, IX, VII, II

Remember year 1972 to help

23
Q

Thrombin (IIa) function in hemostasis

A

Converts fibrinogen to fibrin

Activated Factor XIII (helps stabilise fibrin mesh)

release PF3 from platelets

release tissue factor

enhances platelet aggregation

enhances own generation

24
Q

Name for the process of clot dissolution

A

fibrinolysis

25
Q

Fibrinolysis order of operation

A
  1. plasminogen is made from the liver, trapped within the clot during coagulation
  2. surrounding tissue and undamaged endothelial cells release the tPA
  3. plasminogen is cleaved into plasmin by proteases such as tPA (tissue plasminogen activator), thrombin, Factor XII
  4. plasmin digests fibrin, dissolving the clot.
    Phagocytic WBC remove the remains
26
Q

Different blood clotting disorders

A

thromboembolism - inappropriate clotting

Thrombocytopenia - too little platelets in the blood

Hemophilia - lack of blood clotting factors

27
Q

tests for the 2 different pathways and purpose

A

Prothrombin time (extrinsic)
normal timing would be 11-13 seconds

activated partial thrombinplastin time (intrinsic)
normal range is 25-40 seconds

both tests can help identify any issue or deficiency with any of the clotting factors required for the specific pathway and narrow it down to a cause

28
Q

what is INR

A

international normalised ratio

Prothrombin test time divided by the normal Prothrombin test time

Higher the value, the slower your clotting time

29
Q

types of blood cells

A

platelets
granulocytes
erythocytes
monocytes
lymphocytes

30
Q

types of WBC (N E B M M D)

A

macrophages
dendritic cell
neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil
mast cell

31
Q
A

HSC1007 A&P - E (5 decks)

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