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Small Animal > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

What medication is often useful in cases of idiopathic vestibular disease?

A

Meclizine

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2
Q

What is the most common cause of seizure activity in an animal over the age of 7

A

Neoplasia

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3
Q

What class of midazolam used to stop emergency case seizures?

A

benzodiazepines

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4
Q

In relation to spinal cord injuries which of the following would be the worst prognostic indicator?

A

Loss of deep pain response

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5
Q

What medication is used to reduce intra-cranial pressure

A

Mannitol

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6
Q

German shepherd presenting for slowly progressing hindlimb paresis and ataxia. What disease process is your top differential?

A

Degenerative myelopathy

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7
Q

What disease can cause a flaccid febrile ascending motor paralysis in dogs

A

Tick paralysis

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8
Q

True or false: anesthesia should be used for obtaining radiographs of an animal suspected of an alantoaxial subluxation

A

False

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9
Q

Paralysis of what nerve causes dragging of dorsal aspect of the right front paw on the ground when walking?

A

Radial nerve

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10
Q

What breed of cat is nystagmus most common in

A

Siamese

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11
Q

What is the leading cause of death in cases status epilepticus

A

Hypothermia

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12
Q

What are the primary events of brain trauma?

A

Disruption of fiber tracts, cell damage

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13
Q

What are the secondary events of brain trauma?

A

Increase cranial pressure, edema, hypoxia, seizures

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14
Q

Our secondary events or primary events, more common in brain trauma

A

Secondary events

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15
Q

What are clinical signs of brain trauma

A

History of trauma to the head; seizures; blood and ears, nose, oral cavity; ocular hemorrhage; loss of consciousness; cardiac arrhythmias

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16
Q

How do you diagnose brain trauma?

A

History and PE

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17
Q

What is the treatment for brain trauma?

A

Asthmatic agents to decrease cerebral edema, anti-seizure meds, if indicated, steroids

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18
Q

Can some brain damage be reversible?

A

Yes

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19
Q

What are clinical signs of idiopathic vestibular disease?

A

Ataxia, loss of balance, nystagmus, disorientation, vomiting

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20
Q

How do you diagnose, idiopathic vestibular disease?

A

Clinical signs, bloodwork to rule out other problems, otic exam of inner ear for disease

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21
Q

What is the treatment for idiopathic vestibular disease?

A

Supportive care only, meclizine

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22
Q

What are the kinds of nystagmus

A

Horizontal, vertical, rotary

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23
Q

Which type of nystagmus is rare?

A

Rotary

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24
Q

What is the rule of thumb when it comes to nystagmus?

A

If the head tail is to the left, then the nystagmus will be to the right, vice versa

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25
Q

Are clinical signs in neoplasia progressive

A

Yes

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26
Q

What are the clinical signs for neurological neoplasia?

A

Reflect location of tumor seizures, head, pressing, circling, ataxia

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27
Q

How do you diagnose neurological neoplasia?

A

Rule out other diseases, CSF tap, ophthalmic exam, CT scan

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28
Q

What is the treatment for neurologic neoplasia?

A

Surgical removal, if possible, chemo, radiation, or symptomatic treatment of clinical signs

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29
Q

What is idiopathic epilepsy?

A

Repeated episodes of seizures with no demonstrable cause

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30
Q

What age does idiopathic epilepsy most commonly begin?

A

Two years of age

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31
Q

What are the stages of a seizure?

A

Pre-ictal, ictal, post–ictal

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32
Q

What is the pre-Ictal phase of a seizure

A

Behavioral switch

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33
Q

What is the ictal phase of a seizure?

A

Active seizure

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34
Q

What is the postictal phase of a seizure?

A

After the seizure, behavior changes, become aggressive, longest, and scariest, can last up to 48 hours

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35
Q

What are most seizures caused by a dog older than five?

A

Cancer

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36
Q

When do congenital seizures start?

A

1-2 years

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37
Q

When do you start seizure meds

A

Cluster seizures, grand mall seizures, 2 to 3 seizures within 30 days

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38
Q

How do you diagnose idiopathic epilepsy?

A

History, PE, bloodwork to rule out inciting causes

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39
Q

What is the treatment for idiopathic epilepsy?

A

Phenobarbital, potassium bromide, Keppra, zonisamide

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40
Q

Is idiopathic epilepsy treatment for life?

A

Yes

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41
Q

What med do you use to stop a seizure?

A

Midazolam

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42
Q

What do lifelong meds for idiopathic epilepsy achieve?

A

Not going to stop every single seizure, used to control the seizures, decrease, severity, duration, frequency

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43
Q

What is status epilepticus?

A

Medical emergency seizure

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44
Q

How long are status epilepticus seizures

A

Greater than five minutes

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45
Q

How do you diagnose status epilepticus

A

Physical exam

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46
Q

What is the treatment for status epilepticus

A

Valium, phenobarb, pentobarbital, monitor body temperature, blood, chemistry, IV fluids, oxygen

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47
Q

What is intervertebral disc disease?

A

Herniation of a spinal disc

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48
Q

What are the two types of herniation for intervertebral disc disease?

A

Acute/type one/exploding, extrusion

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49
Q

Which type of IVDD is worse

A

Acute

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50
Q

Which type of IVD D occurs over a longer period of time

A

Extrusion

51
Q

What breed is predisposed to IVDD

A

Dachshund

52
Q

What are clinical signs of IVDD

A

Painful, paralyzed, may be symmetrical or unilateral, patellar, and flexor reflexes often intact, absence of deep pain has a poor prognosis, may, or may not have control of bladder, may need expressing

53
Q

What is the treatment for IVDD?

A

Steroids, TLC, surgery for severe cases

54
Q

What are examples of spinal cord trauma?

A

Hit by car, gunshots, fights

55
Q

Are spinal cord, trauma signs usually progressive

A

No but they can worsen

56
Q

What are clinical signs of spinal cord trauma?

A

History of trauma, shift-scherrington syndrome, paralysis or paresis

57
Q

How do you diagnose, spinal cord trauma?

A

Neuro exam, radiographs

58
Q

What is the treatment for spinal cord trauma?

A

Steroids, Manito, DMSO, strict confinement, surgery may help

59
Q

What is atlantoaxial instability?

A

Cranial portion of the axis is displaced into the spinal column

60
Q

Who is affected by atlantoaxial instability

A

Small, young dogs

61
Q

What is wobbler’s?

A

Spinal cord compression as a result of the caudal vertebral formation or malarticulation

62
Q

Who is predisposed to wobbler?

A

Young Danes, old Dobie’s

63
Q

What are clinical signs of wobbler?

A

Hindlimb ataxia, walk around like they’re drunk, signs are progressive

64
Q

What is the treatment for wobbler?

A

Surgery

65
Q

What is degenerative myelopathy

A

Possible autoimmune disorder, degeneration of the white matter in the spinal cord, progressive

66
Q

Who is predisposed to degenerative myelopathy?

A

German shepherds

67
Q

When are clinical signs of degenerative myelopathy

A

Slowly, progressive, hindlimb paresis, and ataxia

68
Q

How do you diagnose degenerative myelopathy

A

Neuro exam

69
Q

What is the treatment for degenerative myelopathy

A

None

70
Q

What is discospondylitis?

A

Infection of bones of vertebral column from bacteria or fungi

71
Q

What should you consider when it comes to discospondylitis

A

Brucella

72
Q

What are clinical signs of discospondylitis?

A

Pain, fever, depression, plus or minus neuroscience

73
Q

How do you diagnose, discospondylitis?

A

Radiographs, CBC WBCC increased, CSF may be abnormal

74
Q

What is the treatment for discospondylitis?

A

Long-term antibiotics

75
Q

What is fibrocartilaginous embolism?

A

Necrosis of the spinal cord due to ischemia, obstruction of the spinal cord, idiopathic

76
Q

What are clinical signs of fibrocartilaginous embolism

A

Neuro deficient depends on location, paresis or paralysis, reluctant to move, not exhibiting pain, answer is always acute

77
Q

How do you diagnose fibrocartilaginous embolism?

A

Most parameters WNL

78
Q

What is the treatment for fibrocartilaginous embolism

A

Steroids, TLC

79
Q

What is the prognosis for fibrocartilaginous embolism

A

Guarded to good

80
Q

What is deafness?

A

Maybe hereditary, congenital, normal aging, drug therapy, difficult to establish in clinical setting

81
Q

How do you try to determine deafness?

A

Examine ear canal and tympanic membrane

82
Q

What is the treatment for deafness?

A

None

83
Q

Who is predisposed to deafness?

A

White cats

84
Q

Who is predisposed to metabolic neuropathy?

A

Cats and dogs with diabetes mellitus, dogs with hyperadrenocorticism or hypothyroid

85
Q

What are clinical signs of metabolic neuropathy?

A

Varied

86
Q

What is the diagnosis for metabolic neuropathy?

A

Bloodwork

87
Q

What is the treatment for metabolic neuropathy?

A

Correct, underlying disease

88
Q

How is laryngeal paralysis acquired?

A

Hereditary, acquired, idiopathic

89
Q

Who is predisposed to laryngeal paralysis?

A

Labs

90
Q

What should you be cautious about with laryngeal paralysis?

A

Rabies

91
Q

What are clinical signs of laryngeal paralysis?

A

Inspiratory, stridor, respiratory distress, cyanosis, collapse

92
Q

How do you diagnose laryngeal paralysis?

A

Laryngoscope and lightly sedated patient

93
Q

What is the treatment for laryngeal paralysis?

A

Surgery

94
Q

What is the prognosis for laryngeal paralysis?

A

Guarded to good

95
Q

What is megaesophagus?

A

Lack of effective esophageal peristalsis, results in dilation of esophagus

96
Q

When does congenital megaesophagus become evident?

A

When puppies start solid food

97
Q

When can megaesophagus be acquired?

A

Any age

98
Q

What are clinical signs of megaesophagus?

A

Regurgitation of digestive food, may secondary pneumonia due to aspiration

99
Q

How do you diagnose megaesophagus?

A

Radiographs, barium

100
Q

What is treatment for megaesophagus?

A

Feed an elevator position, food, soft, slurry, small meals, multiple times per day

101
Q

What are symptoms of tick paralysis?

A

Flaccid, afebrile, ascending motor paralysis in dogs

102
Q

What tick carries tick paralysis

A

Rocky Mountain wood tick, dermacenter

103
Q

What are clinical signs of tick paralysis?

A

Gradual development of hindlimb ataxia, that progresses to flaccid ascending paralysis

104
Q

How do you diagnose tick paralysis?

A

Rule out others

105
Q

What is the treatment for tick paralysis?

A

Remove ticks, supportive care

106
Q

What disease may have an M immunologic, pathogenesis, exposure to raccoons, segmental demyelination

A

Coonhound paralysis

107
Q

What are clinical signs for coonhound paralysis?

A

Weakness and hind limbs with paralysis progressing rapidly to a flaccid tetraplegia, some dogs affected more than others, hoarse bark

108
Q

What is treatment for coonhound paralysis?

A

Supportive care

109
Q

Is facial paralysis usually idiopathic

A

Yes

110
Q

What causes facial paralysis?

A

Degeneration of myelinated fibers

111
Q

What are clinical signs of facial paralysis?

A

Airdrop, lip, paralysis, deviation of the nose, collection of food in the paralyze side of the mouth, absence of menace or palprebral reflex

112
Q

What is treatment for facial paralysis?

A

Symptomatic

113
Q

What causes radial paralysis?

A

Trauma

114
Q

What are signs of radial paralysis?

A

Loss of sensation to affected, limb, leg is carried, dorsum of palm, may drag on the ground

115
Q

When my amputation for radial paralysis become necessary

A

If dorsum of paw is ulcerated

116
Q

What age of animal is affected by green stick fractures more commonly

A

Young

117
Q

What medication is used to reduce intracranial pressure?

A

Mannitol

118
Q

True or false: in cases of nystagmus, the slow phase is towards the lesion

A

False

119
Q

Which of the following is not indicative of starting therapy for epilepsy?
A. A grand mal seizure lasting over five minutes.
B. Cluster seizures.
C. More than three seizures in a 30 day Period
D. Seizure secondary to hypoglycemia.

A

D

120
Q

Absence of what is considered a poor prognostic indicator and neurological patients?

A

Deep pain

121
Q

True or false: a patient with potential atlantoaxial fracture should have injectable sedation to aid with obtaining radiographs

A

False

122
Q

True or false: the difference between tick and coonhound paralysis is the speed at which Parisis develops to full paralysis

A

True

123
Q

What is the name of the over-the-counter medication owners can use to help vasoconstrict vessels of the nose and stop nosebleeds

A

Afrin nasal spray

124
Q

What tooth is most commonly infected during a tooth through abscess?

A

Carnasial

Small Animal (11 decks)

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