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Small Animal > Urinary > Flashcards

Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common cause of cystitis in a dog?

A

Bacterial cystitis

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2
Q

What is bacterial cystitis?

A

The result of a ascending migration of bacteria up the urethra, microorganisms adhere, and colonize the mucosal lining of the bladder

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3
Q

What are clinical signs of bacterial cystitis?

A

Increase frequency of urination, hematuria, dysuria, frequent, licking of vulva or tip of penis, sometimes polydipsia

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4
Q

What is the diagnosis for bacterial cystitis?

A

Urinanalysis, urine culture

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5
Q

What is the treatment for bacterial cystitis?

A

Antibiotics based on culture and sensitivity
Acute cases should be treated for 10– 14 days
Chronic cases should be treated for 10–21 days

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6
Q

When should you consider other causes for bacterial cystitis?

A

10 to 14 days if symptoms have not resolved

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7
Q

When should you recheck a urine from bacterial cystitis?

A

One week after five day course of antibiotics

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8
Q

What is canine urolithiasis

A

Crystals and small stones will pass through the urethra in the urine

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9
Q

What is the most common type of stone with canine urolithiasis?

A

Magnesium ammonium phosphate/struvite

Calcium oxalate, urate, cystine, calcium phosphate

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10
Q

What are clinical signs of canine urolithiasis?

A

Dysuria, hematuria, frequent urination, possible PU/PD, stones may cause partial or complete obstruction in both males and females

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11
Q

How do you diagnose uroliths

A

Radiographs

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12
Q

How do you treat struvites

A

Anabiotic’s, dietary management by certification of the urine and restriction of magnesium, urea, and phosphorus or surgery

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13
Q

What is a urolith?

A

Stone

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14
Q

Which type of stone can be seen on a radiograph

A

Struvite, calcium oxalate, may or may not be seen

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15
Q

What acidity of urine can struvite be found in?

A

> 7

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16
Q

What acidity of urine can you find calcium oxalate

A

<6.5

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17
Q

What can cause calcium oxalate

A

High protein, diet

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18
Q

What is the treatment for calcium oxalate?

A

Surgery

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19
Q

How do you prevent calcium oxalate?

A

Is difficult, most likely will reoccur – try to limit calcium in diet, increase water in diet

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20
Q

Who is predisposed to urates

A

Dalmatians

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21
Q

Why are Dalmatians predisposed to urates

A

They secrete excess uric acid from the kidneys

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22
Q

What is the treatment for urates?

A

Surgery, allopurinol to decrease uric acid production, alkalinization of urine with potassium citrate, control of UTIs

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23
Q

What can result in kidney failure?

A

Reduction in blood flow to the nephron or damaged nephron

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24
Q

What percent of nephron must be damaged for renal failure to occur?

A

75%

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25
Q

What is azotemia?

A

Buildup of toxins in the blood, increased BUN and creatine

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26
Q

True or false: renal failure may be acute or chronic

A

True

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27
Q

What is prerenal azotemia?

A

Before the kidneys

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28
Q

What is renal azotemia?

A

Anything damaging the kidneys

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29
Q

What is post renal azotemia?

A

After the kidneys; EX. Urethral obstruction.

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30
Q

What is acute renal failure?

A

Abrupt change in glomerular filtration

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31
Q

What is acute renal failure usually the result of

A

Hypoperfusion or nephro, toxic drugs; antifreeze, ethylene glycol

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32
Q

What are risk factors for acute renal failure?

A

Hypotension, hypovolemia, electrolyte, disturbances, systematic diseases, nephrotoxic, drugs, age, dental disease, ureteral, or urethral obstruction

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33
Q

What are clinical signs for acute renal failure?

A

Enlarged, painful, kidneys, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, dehydration

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34
Q

What is treatment for acute renal failure?

A

IV fluid therapy(saline) , restricted protein, diet

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35
Q

What is acute renal failure treatment aimed towards

A

Restoring renal hemodynamics

36
Q

What is the prognosis for acute renal failure?

A

Guarded

37
Q

True or false: chronic renal failure is common in older pets, especially cats

A

True

38
Q

Is chronic renal failure irreversible

A

Yes

39
Q

True or false, chronic renal failure patients have a progressive decline, and renal function may be congenital, familial, acquired

A

True

40
Q

What are clinical signs of chronic renal failure?

A

Weight loss, PU/PD, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, bed, breath, lethargy, arterial hypertension, retinal lesions, nervous system disorders, anemia, hypokalemia

41
Q

What is the prognosis for chronic renal failure patients

A

Poor

42
Q

What is the treatment for chronic renal failure?

A

Fluids, decreased dietary protein levels, correct hypokalemia, provide relief for nausea and vomiting, possibly phosphorus finding agents

43
Q

What are notes to send home with the patient for chronic renal failure?

A

SQ fluids should be maintained at home, canned food to increase dietary fluids

44
Q

What nerves innovates the urethral sphincter

A

Pudendal nerve

45
Q

What is urinary incontinence?

A

Loss of voluntary control of micturition

46
Q

What types of urinary incontinence are there?

A

Neurogenic, nonneurogenic, paradoxical, miscellaneous causes

47
Q

What is neurogenic urinary incontinence?

A

Disruption of normal neural function to the region

48
Q

What happens to the bladder during neurogenic urinary incontinence?

A

Bladder over distends , bladder pressure exceeds the urethral pressure

49
Q

What is nonneurogenic urinary incontinence?

A

Ectopic ureters, patent urachus, endocrine balances

50
Q

What is paradoxical urinary incontinence?

A

Partial obstruction in urethra

51
Q

What is miscellaneous urinary incontinence?

A

Primary disease diseases of the bladder

52
Q

What are clinical signs of urinary incontinence?

A

Urine leakage, especially when pet has been sleeping

53
Q

How do you diagnose urinary incontinence?

A

Urinanalysis, radiographs, IVP, rule out other disease

54
Q

What is the treatment for urinary incontinence?

A

Diethyl stilbesterol in spayed, females, phenylpropanolamine/proin, incurin

55
Q

What drug used for urinary incontinence works like an estrogen supplement

A

Incurin

56
Q

What is a treatment specific to neurogenic cases?

A

Express bladder several times through throughout the day

57
Q

What are clinical signs for feline lower urinary tract disease?

A

Hematuria, dysuria, frequent urination, inappropriate urination

58
Q

What is the cause for feline lower urinary tract disease?

A

Idiopathic or interstitial cystitis – often self limiting, unknown cause

59
Q

What is the treatment for feline lower urinary tract disease?

A

GABA, anabiotic‘s, amitriptyline, change, diet, enrich environment

60
Q

What does it mean if a feline is plugged?

A

Inability to pass urine

61
Q

Who is predisposed to urethral plugs?

A

Older obese cats

62
Q

True or false: calculus may be found in any part of the urinary tract. Those in the kidney do not usually cause any problems. Those in ureters, bladder, or urethra may cause problems.

A

True

63
Q

True or false: complete obstruction is an emergency

A

True

64
Q

What are clinical signs of urethral plugs?

A

Straining, no urine produced, vomiting, lethargy, sudden death

65
Q

What is the treatment for urethral plugs?

A

Relieve obstruction, treat renal failure, change diet

66
Q

What is the prognosis for urethral plugs

A

Fair for a resolution of current problem, guarded for reoccurrence

67
Q

True or false cats with urethra plug should change their diet for life

A

True

68
Q

True or false: you should avoid using in dwelling urinary catheters and cats with urinary cystitis. If using a catheter to obtain urine sample, make sure it is done as aseptically as possible.

A

True

69
Q

True or false if anesthetics are used, remember that doses less than those recommended are required in azotemic cats

A

True

70
Q

True or false you should reestablish urethral patency

A

True

71
Q

True or false: exercise caution with these techniques. You can easily rupture a distended bladder. Cytokinesis one properly performed reduces the pressure on the plug in the urethra, allowing it to be Hydro pulse into the bladder. Cytokinesis also provides the technician with a sample suitable for your analysis and culture and sensitivity

A

True

72
Q

True or false: STMA is a bio marker specific to the kidney. Elevations of STMA occur earlier in renal disease, then evaluation of creatine and allow for earlier intervention with diet, treatment, and monitoring.

A

True

73
Q

True or false: avoid use of phenylpropanolamime in animals with glaucoma, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and prosthetic hypertrophy

A

True

74
Q

True or false: side effects from anticholinergic medication’s include sedation, alias, vomiting, constipation, dry mouth, dry eyes, and tachyacardia. Their use is contraindicated with impatience with glaucoma.

A

True

75
Q

Urine roof from the bladder by cystocentesis should contain ________ microorganisms

A

No

76
Q

long-term anabiotic therapy for cystitis should be based on

A

Culture and sensitivity results, finding bacteria on settlement, examination, resolution of clinical signs, absence of bacteria in post treatment, urine sediments

77
Q

Variable plugs are made largely of

A

Small concentrations of minerals in large amounts of matrix

78
Q

The two most common types of uroliths seen in dogs are

A

Calcium oxalate, magnesium, ammonium phosphate

79
Q

Which type of the following your list is not radiopaque

A

Cystine

80
Q

Which of the following drugs is nephrotoxic?

A

Amikacin

81
Q

In cats that present with the gate disturbance of cervical ventriflextion which electrolyte needs to be checked

A

Potassium

82
Q

Older surgical veterinary, patient should be provided IV fluids during surgery to prevent _________, which can cause acute renal failure

A

Dehydration, hypotension, electrolyte disturbances

83
Q

Which of the following laboratory values can be increased because of diet

A

BUN

84
Q

Urethral closure in the female dog is primary related to

A

The smooth muscle surrounding the entire urethra

85
Q

A bloodstone is 15 cm in diameter. It is most likely a ____ stone.

A

Struvite

86
Q

Diet high in animal protein may pre-dispose the dog to what type of bladder stone

A

Oxalate

87
Q

The fluid of choice for acute renal failure

A

Normal saline

Small Animal (11 decks)

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