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Science Exam > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the central nervous system

A

Made up of brain and spinal cord, the bodies processing centre

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2
Q

Describe the peripheral nervous system

A

Lies outside of CNS and is made up of 12 cranial nerves, the spinal nerves and root and autonomic nerves

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3
Q

What is a nerve

A

Nerves carry impulses between your brain and the rest of your body, these impulses help you feel sensations, move muscles and maintain autonomic functions like breathing

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4
Q

What is the frontal lobe

A

Responsible for problem solving, emotional traits, reasoning, speaking and voluntary motor activity

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5
Q

What is the occipital lobe

A

Responsible for vision, colour and perception

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6
Q

What is the parietal lobe

A

Responsible for reading sensation, right to left and body orientation

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7
Q

What is the temporal lobe

A

Responsible for understanding language, behaviour, memory and healing

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8
Q

Describe the basal ganglia

A

Deep nuclei in the brain involved in initiation, execution and regulation of gross intentional movements. Made up of 5 interconnecting nuclei: substantia nigra, subthalamic nucelus, globus pallidus, putamen and caudate nucelus.

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9
Q

Describe the thalamus

A

Information relay station - info from sense processed through thalamus before being sent to cerebral cortex for interpretation. Also play role in sleep, wakefulness, consciousness, learning and memory

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10
Q

Describe the midbrain

A

Short upper part of brain stem that transmits info necessary for vision and hearing

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11
Q

Describe pons

A

Contains nuclei of cranial nerves and handles unconscious processes such as sleep wake cycle, breathing and swallowing

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12
Q

Describe the medulla

A

Contains visceral motor nuclei controlling autonomic activities such as heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure

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13
Q

Describe the spinal cord

A

Conducts motor info down and sensory info up. It is the centre for coordinating reflexes

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14
Q

Describe the cerebellum

A

Controls balance, coordination and voluntary movement

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15
Q

Describe white matter

A

Conducts processes and sends signals up and down spinal cord (outer)

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16
Q

Describe grey matter

A

Enables us to control movement, memory, emotions (inner)

17
Q

What is myelination

A

Formation of myelin sheath that allows for more rapid transmission of neural info along neural fibres

18
Q

What is the function of efferent neurons

A

Brings motor info from CNS to periphery (exit) and activates skeletal muscles to produce movement

19
Q

What is the function of afferent neurons

A

Brings sensory info from periphery to CNS

20
Q

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system

A

Maintains bodily functions - conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac and smooth muscles and glands. (Involuntary)
Made up of sympathetic and parasympathetic.

21
Q

What is the function of the somatic nervous system

A

Helps body move - conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles (voluntary)

22
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Speeds up body’s systems during fight of flight

23
Q

What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Conserves energy and promotes housekeeping functions during rest. Slows down body functions

24
Q

What is the function of neurotransmitters

A

Carry chemical signals and diffuse across synapses and bind with postsynaptic membrane. Can be inhibitory or excitatory

25
Q

Define neuroplasticity

A

Brains ability to change and adapt through life, brain can form and reorganise new synaptic connections

26
Q

What is a dermatome

A

An area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

27
Q

What is a myotome

A

Group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve. They innervate a cluster of muscles that help you do a specific motion

28
Q

What is reciprocal innervation

A

The process that controls agonist and antagonist muscle reactions. When one muscle contracts the other relaxes

29
Q

What is a crossed extensor reflex

A

Contra lateral reflex that allows the body to compensate one side for a stimulus e.g when one foot steps on nail crossed extensor reflex shifts body weight onto other foot

30
Q

How does the CNS control reflexes

A

Reflexes are controlled by the spinal cord, starts with receptors being excited they then send signals along sensory neuron to spinal cord where the signals are passed to motor neuron. As a result muscles or glands are stimulated.

31
Q

Describe a stroke

A

Blood supply to brain is impaired
Ischaemic - blood clot
Haemorrhagic - blood vessel bursts
Symptoms - weakness on one side of body, facial dropping, slurred speech, impairments of brain

32
Q

Describe multiple sclerosis

A

Progressive neurological condition that involves autoimmune demyelination of descending motor tracks
Symptoms - fatigue, numbness, muscle spasms, stiffness, weakness

33
Q

Describe Parkinson’s disease

A

Loss of nerve cells in substantia nigra of basal ganglia that results in decreased production of dopamine, meaning there are changes to regulation of body movement
Symptoms - tremors, bradykinesia, stiffness, balance problems

34
Q

Describe dementia

A

Ongoing decline of brain functioning
Symptoms - memory loss, decreased thinking speed, language understanding

35
Q

Describe a spinal cord injury

A

Damage to any part of spinal cord or nerves in cauda equina. Can be complete or incomplete results in motor and sensory changes
Symptoms - weakness, reduced sensation, bladder/bowel problems

36
Q

List the ways the nervous system can recover following an injury

A

Unmasking of silent synapses -structural synapses that were silent become unmasked due to injury
Diaschisis - reduced blood flow and metabolism in uninsured brain areas that have rich connections with injured areas. Reorganisation as axonal sprouting and new connections are formed in areas that have undergone diaschisis
Neural regeneration - injured axons begin sprouting and may reconnect with target neurons
Collateral sprouting - normal axons neighbouring and similar to the damaged ones begin to sprout and make connections
Cortical reorganisation - neurons in areas adjacent to injury adopt the function of neurons no longer present

Science Exam (9 decks)

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