Cardiovascular

Question 1

Define atherosclerosis

Answer 1

Thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by build up of plaque

Question 2

Define atheroma

Answer 2

A fatty substance that builds up in you arteries over time

Question 3

Describe the pericardial sac

Answer 3

Positions heart and limits its motion while providing a lubricated slippery surface for heart to beat inside and lungs to move inside of

Question 4

Describe the pericardium

Answer 4

Acts as a mechanical protection for heart and as a lubricant to reduce friction between heart and surrounding structures

Question 5

Describe pericardial fluid

Answer 5

Lubricates heart with every beat so surfaces glide over each other

Question 6

What are the mechanisms that help with venous return

Answer 6

Gravity
Skeletal muscle pump
Smooth muscle
Respiratory pump
Valves

Question 7

List the stages of contraction conduction of the heart

Answer 7

Sino atrial node
Atrio ventricular node
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibres

Question 8

Describe coronary artery disease

Answer 8

Partial or complete blockage of cardiac vessels stop or impairs flow of blood, starves heart tissue of oxygen
Symptoms - angina, weakness, nausea, shortness of breath

Question 9

Describe myocardial infarction

Answer 9

An occlusion of cardiac artery leading to inadequate blood supply to cardiac tissue
Symptoms - angina, nausea, vomiting, sweating, dizziness

Question 10

Describe angina pectoris

Answer 10

Chest pain or discomfort that keeps coming back, caused by narrowing of coronary arteries leading to reduced blood supply which leads to tissue perfusion
Like a squeezing band around chest

Question 11

Describe arthymias

Answer 11

Abnormal cardiac rhythm caused by conduction system

Question 12

Describe atrial fibrillation

Answer 12

Type of arthymia. Atria fire at uncoordinated, rapid rate which decreases effectiveness of heart
Symptoms - palpitations, irregular pulse, weakness, chest pain

Question 13

Describe ventricular fibrillation

Answer 13

Type of arthymia. Ventricles contract at uncoordinated, rapid rate decreasing effectiveness of heart

Question 14

Describe heart failure

Answer 14

Failure of heart to delver oxygen to tissues.
Ventricular systolic dysfunction - doesn’t pump as well
Ventricular diastolic dysfunction - doesn’t fill up with sufficient blood
Symptoms - shortness of breath, fatigue, weakness

Question 15

Describe deep vein thrombosis

Answer 15

Blood clot inside deep vein
Symptoms - oedema, dilated veins, pain, swelling, redness