Neurology

Question 1

According to the ACVIM consensus guidelines 2015, which 4 criteria is the commencement of anti-epileptic therapy recommended?

Answer 1

1. Identifiable lesion, or history of brain disease or injury prior
2. Acute repetitive seizures (>3 generalised seizures within 24hr period) or status epilepticus (seizure > 5min duration)
3. 2 or more seizure events within a 6 month period
4. Severe, prolonged or unusual post-ictal periods

Question 2

Describe the path of the recurrent laryngeal nerves

Answer 2

The origin of the recurrent laryngeal nn. is in the medulla oblangata and runs with the vagus nerve up to the level of the thoracic inlet. The LEFT branch circumnavigates the aorta, and the RIGHT branch circumnavigates the right subclavian artery. They then run parallel to the trachea and carotid artery and terminates as the caudal laryngeal nerves to innervate the laryngeal mm., except for cricothyroiddeus mm.

Branches of the right laryngeal nerve (paralaryngeal nerves) innervate the trachea and oeseophagus

Question 3

Describe nerve innervation of the bladder and control of micturition

Answer 3

Hypogastric nerve (originates from L1-L4 and runs parallel to the splanchnic nerves) until the caudal mesenteric ganglion, where it then runs to the bladder.