Neurology

Question 1

Somatic division of the PNS is _____ . Somatic sensory fibers convey impulses from ____ to ___ while Visceral sensory fibers convey impulses from ____ to ____.

Answer 1

afferent

somatic = skin, skeletal m, joints to CNS

visceral = visceral organs to CNS

Question 2

The motor division of the PNS is ____. It transmits impulses from ___ to ____

Answer 2

CNS to effector organs

Question 3

The somatic NS is voluntary or involuntary?

Answer 3

voluntary of skeletal muscles from CNS impulses

Question 4

The automatic NS is voluntary or involuntary?

Answer 4

Involuntary of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

Question 5

Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the CNS are called ___ while they are called ____ in the PNS

Answer 5

CNS = nuclei

PNS = ganglia

Question 6

Anterograde means

Answer 6

away from the cell body like mitochondria, cytoskeletal elements, membrane compoents, enzymes

Question 7

Retrograde means

Answer 7

toward cell body like organelles to be degraded, signal molecules, viruses, bacterial toxins

Question 8

APs can only move anterograde/retrograde?

Answer 8

Anterograde; it can only move AWAY from cell body

Question 9

Describe interneurons

Answer 9

Association neurons

lies between motor & sensory neurons

majority in CNS

Question 10

What is the most common neuron?

Answer 10

interneurons

Question 11

The NS has 3 overlapping functions. Which of the following represents a. logical sequence of these 3 functions?

A. sensory input, motor input, integration

B. motor output, integration, sensory input

C. sensory input, integration, motor output

D. integration, sensory input, motor output

Answer 11

C. sensory input, integration, motor output

Question 12

While studying for an exam, you reach for a beverage. To extend your arm, your _____ NS is (+).

Answer 12

somatic

Question 13

The door slams loudly & you flinch. After a few secs, you realize that your heart is pitter-pattering. This response is the result of your ____ NS

Answer 13

autonomic

Question 14

Electrical wire is to electrical insulating tape as peripheral neurons are to

Answer 14

Schwann cells

Question 15

Electrical wire is to electrical insulating tape as central neurons are to

Answer 15

oligodendrocytes

Question 16

Each neuron in our bodies has a life span of

Answer 16

An average human life span

Question 17

Movement of substances towards the cell body of a neuron is termed ____ movement

Answer 17

retrograde

Question 18

The portion of an axon that communicates w its target cell is the _____

Answer 18

axon terminal

Question 19

The basis for differentiation between gray matter & white matter in the CNS is the presence of _____ in white matter

Answer 19

myelinated fibers

Question 20

The basis for differentiation between gray matter & white matter in the CNS is the presence of _____ in grey matter

Answer 20

neurons

Question 21

The most common structural type of neuron in humans is

Answer 21

multipolar

Question 22

When considering the relationship between a structural classification & a functional classification of neurons, it can be said that

Answer 22

all bipolar neurons = sensory neurons

Question 23

T/F: APs fire d/t intensity

Answer 23

False; it is all or nothing, same intensity

frequency can affect speed though

Question 24

Absolute refractory period vs relative refractory period

Answer 24

Absolute = can NOT refire

Relative = may refire

think of a dog that is disobedient (refractory) that is absolutely refractory, he will never come. If he is relatively refractory, he may come if you call loud enough

Question 25

More myelination = ___ speed

Answer 25

faster

Question 26

What ion is the big kicker to NT release?

Answer 26

Ca2+

Question 27

3 ways NTs are terminated

Answer 27

1. Reuptake by astrocytes
2. Degradation
3. Diffusion

Question 28

ACh is synthesized by ____ & _____ which is catalyzed by the enzyme

Answer 28

acetic acid + choline

enzyme: choline acetyltransferase

Question 29

ACh is degraded by the enzyme

Answer 29

acetylcholinesterase

Question 30

Which AA are proven NTs?

Answer 30

Glutamate, Aspartate, Glycine, GABA

Question 31

Are endocannabinoids lipid or water soluble? When are they synthesized & what are they involved in?

Answer 31

lipid soluble

synthesized on demand

involved in: learning/memory, neuronal development, controlling appetite, suppressing nausea

Question 32

NT GABA & glycine are usually _____ while glutamate is usually ____

Answer 32

GABA & glycine = inhibitory

Glutamate = excitatory

Question 33

ACh can be both excitatory & inhibitory. Location?

Answer 33

Excitatory = neuromuscular junctions in skeletal muscle

Inhibitory = cardiac muscle

Question 34

meningitis vs encephalitis vs abscess

Answer 34

stiff neck vs confusion vs focal neurological deficit

meningitis = impairment of the protection/cover of the brain

encephalitis = impairment of the actual brain tissues

Question 35

What separates the cerebrum (brain) from cerebellum (brainstem)

Answer 35

tentorium

Question 36

Neuroblastoma & gangliocytoma are of ______ tissue origin

Answer 36

Neural tissue origin

Question 37

Schwannomas are benign or malignant? Neural or peripheral nerve tumor?

Answer 37

Benign, peripheral nerve tumor

Question 38

Acoustic neuromas (CN__) is a ______ tumor

Answer 38

CN * - balance & hearing
peripheral nerve tumor

Question 39

Neurofibromas malignant or benign? What kind of tumor?

Answer 39

Benign if solitary, malignant if multiple

peripheral nerve tumor

Question 40

Neurofibromastosis has a genetic disposition. What is it?

Answer 40

Autosomal dominant