Cell Pathology

Question 1

-plasia means

Answer 1

formation, growth

Question 2

Neoplasia means

Answer 2

new growth

Question 3

Sarcoma

Answer 3

malignant neoplasm of connective tissue (fibrosarcoma)

Question 4

Carcinoma

Answer 4

malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin (basal cell carcinoma)

Question 5

Adenocarcinoma

Answer 5

malignant neoplasm of glandular epithelial origin (adenocarcinoma of colon)

Question 6

metastasis

what ways?

Answer 6

spread of tumor cells to a distant site

hematogenous, lymphatic spread or direct seeding of body cavities/surfaces

Question 7

Progression of benign tumors to malignancy

Answer 7

hyperplasia -> dysplasia -> cancer

Question 8

Describe hyperplasia

Answer 8

exhibits increased cell division

cells look normal

Question 9

Describe dysplasia

Answer 9

exhibits disordered growth + many histological characteristics of malignancy

Does NOT exhibit local invasion or metastasis

Question 10

Describe anaplasia

Answer 10

loss of differentiation

Question 11

Describe pleomorphism

Answer 11

variation in cell size & shape

Question 12

_____ cells lose their apical-basal polarity aka

Answer 12

epithelial cells

aka loss of polarity, loss of function

Question 13

Necrosis is caused via

Answer 13

rapid cell growth = insufficient blood supply to tumors

cells at center of tumor will often die

Question 14

Genetic changes that cause cancer

Answer 14

gain or loss of function

Question 15

T/F: a single mutation is sufficient to cause cancer

Answer 15

FALSE. cancer begins w a single cell & single mutation but it isnt sufficient to cause cancer

Question 16

What are the 2 main phases of the cell cycle?

Answer 16

interphase & mitotic phase

Question 17

Interphase is subdivided into these 3

Answer 17

G1 = growth
S = growth & DNA synthesis
G2 = growth & final prep for division

Question 18

What happens if a cell is not destined to divide soon?

Answer 18

It will leave the cell cycle prior to interphase

called G0, leads to quiescence

Question 19

What are some checkpoints in cell division

Answer 19

G0, quiescence

G1 checkpoint

G2 checkpoint

M checkpoint

Question 20

G1 checkpoint

Answer 20

sees if conditions are favorable for DNA replication to proceed

Question 21

G2 checkpoint

Answer 21

ensures that chromosomes have been replicated correctly & DNA isnt damage

Question 22

M checkpoint

Answer 22

spindle checkpoint

determines whether chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle microtubules

Question 23

What important molecules are responsible for moving the cell thru the cell cycle past the check points?

Answer 23

cyclins & cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

Question 24

____ bind to ___ = ____ will activate target proteins by _______ = advances cell cycle

Answer 24

Cyclins

CDKs

Cyclin-CDK complex

by phosphorylation

Question 25

Tumor suppressor proteins _______, often by stopping cell cycle at what checkpoint? The protein _____ binds to ______ preventing transcription of ______

Answer 25

G1 checkpoint RB binds to transcription factor E2f, preventing transcription of cyclins

Question 26

In the presence of mitogenic signals, ____ phosphorylates ___, inactivating it

Answer 26

CDKs; RB

Question 27

An important tumor supressor that prevents growth & division of abnormal cells sometimes called ___

Answer 27

p53 "guardian of the genome"

Question 28

Proto-oncogenes vs oncogenes

Answer 28

Proto-oncogenes = normal genes that promote normal cell growth & division oncogenes = mutated forms of proto-oncogenes that promote cancer development

Question 29

p53 = ____ & RB = ___

Answer 29

p53 = protector RB = blocks mitosis when we dont want mitosis

Question 30

2 pathways to apoptosis? which is more commonly affected in cancer cells & why?

Answer 30

Extrinsic & intrinsic (mitochondrial) Intrinsic = cancer cells as p53 stimulates apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway mutations in p53 allow the cell to avoid apoptosis

Question 31

Cancer cells resemble stem cells in their _______ & in their ability to _____

Answer 31

lack of differentiation ability to continually replicate

Question 32

Progressive loss of ____ w each cell division = limited ability to replicate

Answer 32

telomeres

Question 33

Shorten telomeres, cell = ___.

Answer 33

senescent

Question 34

Stem cells & cancer cells can avoid senescence by expressing the enzyme ____ which does what?

Answer 34

telomerase lengthens telomeres & avoids mitotic catastrophe

Question 35

Describe the Warburg effect

Answer 35

Aerobic glycolysis cancer cells can use glycolysis as their energy source by converting glucose to lactate (basically using whats toxic as energy)

Question 36

All rapidly dividing cells use ______ which converts ___ to _____

Answer 36

aerobic glycolysis pyruvate to lactate

Question 37

How can we determine cyst vs tumor?

Answer 37

is there blood? bc cancer cells can create angiogenesis

Question 38

Angiogenesis factors

Answer 38

VEGF, FGF, EGF

Question 39

Indirect-acting carcinogens require metabolic conversion by ______ enzymes before becoming carcinogenic

Answer 39

CYP450

Question 40

What 4 microbes are associated w carcinogenesis?

Answer 40

Human papilloma virus (HPV) -> cervical EBV -> lymphoma HBV/HCV -> hepatocellular carcinomas H. pylori -> gastric cancer

Question 41

How does HPV -> cerivical cancer?

Answer 41

integrates its DNA into the host DNA & causing inactivation of p53 & RB