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Med Finals - Paediatrics > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

Define syncope

A

Fainting - term used to describe the event of temporarily losing consciousness due to a disruption of blood flow to the brain, often leading to a fall.

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2
Q

Signs of syncope

A

Prodrome - hot clammy, sweaty, Heavy, dizzy or lightheaded, vision going blurry or black, headache

Sudden loss of conciousness and falling tot he ground
Unconscious for a few seconds
May be some twitching shaking or convusion activity
Slightly groggy but no true post ictal period
May lose continence

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3
Q

Causes of syncope

A

Dehydration
Missed meals
Extended standing
Vasovagal response
Secondary
Hypoglycaemia
Dehydration
Anaemia
Infection
Anaphylaxis
Arrhythmias
Valvular heart disease
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

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4
Q

Investigations in syncope

A

ECG - 24 hours
Echo
Bloods - glucose

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5
Q

Management of syncope

A

Reassurance and advice
Avoid triggering factors - dehydration, meals,

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6
Q

Define epilepsy

A

Umbrella term for a condition where there is a tendency to have seizures - transient episodes of abnormal electrical activity in the brain

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7
Q

Management of generalised tonic clonic seizures

A

Sodium valproate
2 - lamotrigine or carbamazepine

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8
Q

Management of focal seizures

A

Carbamazepine or lamotrigine
2 - sodium valproate or levetiracetam

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9
Q

Management of absence seizures

A

Sodium valproate or ethosuximide

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10
Q

Management of atonic seizures

A

Sodium valproate
Lamotrigine

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11
Q

Management of myoclonic seizures

A

Sodium valproate
Lamotrigine
Levetiracetam
Topiramate

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12
Q

Define febrile convulsions

A

Type of seizure that occurs in children with high fever
Not caused by epilepsy or ounderlying condition
Must be between 6 months and 5 years

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13
Q

Presentation of febrile convusions

A

18 months old with 2-5 minute seizure during high fever - often due to underlying viral illness

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14
Q

Management of febrile convulsions

A

Reassurane and education

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15
Q

Causes of head aches

A

Tension headaches
Migraines
ENT infection
Analgesic headache
Problems with vision
Raised intracranial pressure
Tumour
Meningitis
Encephalitis
Carbon monoxide poisoning

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16
Q

Define cerebral palsy

A

Permanent neurological problems resulting from brain damage around time of birth -

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17
Q

Causes of cerebral palsy

A

Antenatal - maternal infection, trauma in pregnancy
Perinatal - birth asphyxia, pre-term
Post natal - meningitis, severe neonatal jaundice, head injury

18
Q

Types of cerebral palsy

A

Spastic - hypertonia, upper motor neurone damage
Dyskinetic - muscle tone, athetoid movemets oro-motor problems, basal ganglia damage
Ataxic - coordination, cerebellar damage
Mixed

19
Q

Patterns of spastic cerebral palsy

A

Monoplegia
Hemiplegia
Diplegia
Quadriplegia

20
Q

Classic presentation of cerebral palsy

A

Failure to meet milestones
Increased or decreased tone
Hand preference below 18 months
Problems with coordination speech or walking
Feeding or swallowing problems
Learning difficulties

21
Q

Clinical signs of upper motor neurone lesion

A

Normal muscle bulk
Hypertonia
Normal power
Brisk reflexes

22
Q

Clinical signs of lower motor neurone lesion

A

Reduced muscle bulk
Hypotonia
Reduced power
Reduced reflexes
Fasciculations

23
Q

Complications of cerebral palsy

A

Learning diability
Epilepsy
Kyphoscoliosis
Muscle contractures
Hearing and visual impairment
GORD

24
Q

Management of cerebral palsy

A

Supportive management from a multidisciplinary team
Muscle relaxants
Anti-epileptics
Glycopyrronium bromide

25
Q

Define strabismus

A

Squint - refers to the misalignment of the eyes

26
Q

Define amblyopia

A

Affected eye becomes passive and has reduced function compared to dominant eye

27
Q

Define esotropia

A

Inward positioned squint - towards the nose

28
Q

Define exotropia

A

Outward positioned squint - towards the ears

29
Q

Define hypertropia

A

Upward positioned squint

30
Q

Define hypotropia

A

Downward positioned squint

31
Q

Causes of strabismus

A

Idiopathic
Hydrocephalus
Cerebral palsy
Space occupying lesions - retinoblastoma
Trauma

32
Q

Management of strabismus

A

Occlusive eye patch
Atropine drops in goof eye

33
Q

Define hydrocephalus

A

Describes cerebrospinal fluid building up abnormally within the brain and spinal cord. Results from either over production or issues draining CSF

34
Q

Causes of hydrocephalus

A

Arachnoid cysts
Arnold-Chiari malformation - cerebellum herniates through the foramen magnum blocking outflow of CSF
Chromosomal - malformation

35
Q

Presentation of hydrocephalus

A

Enlarged and increasing head
Bulging fontanelle
Poor feeding and vomiting
Poor tone
Sleepiness

36
Q

Management of hydrocephalus

A

Vetriculoperitoneal shunt - infections, blockages, too much drainage, intraventricular haemorrhage

37
Q

Define craniosynostosis

A

Premature closure of skill sutures - results in abnormal head shapes and growth restriction

38
Q

Define muscular dystrophy

A

Umbrella term for genetic conditions that cause gradual weakening and wasting of muscles

39
Q

Types of muscular dystrophy

A

Duchennes !
Beckers
Myotonic
Fascioscapulohemeral
Oculopharyngeal
Limb-girdle
Emery-Dreifuss

40
Q

Clinical signs of muscular dystrophy

A

Gower’s Signs - uses hand to push self p legs

41
Q

Define duchennes muscular dystrophy

A

Defective gene for dystrophin - on X chromosome
X linked recessive

42
Q

Define myotonic dystrophy

A

Prolonged muscle contractions - unable to let go after shaking hand
Progressive muscle weakness
Cataracts
Cardiac arrhythmias

Med Finals - Paediatrics (17 decks)

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