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Med Finals - Paediatrics > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Define allergy

A

Umbrella term for hypersensitivity of the immue system to allergens - proteins that the immune system recognise as foreign and potentially harmful triggering an immune response.

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2
Q

Define atopy

A

Term used to describe a predisposition to having hypersensitivity reactions to allergens. Refers to the tendency to develop eczema, asthma, hayfever, allergic rhinitis and food allergies.

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3
Q

Define atopy

A

Term used to describe a predisposition to having hypersensitivity reactions to allergens. Refers to the tendency to develop eczema, asthma, hayfever, allergic rhinitis and food allergies.

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4
Q

Define type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

A

Typical food allergy - IgE triggered mast cells and basophils to release histamine and cytokine - causes immediate reaction

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5
Q

Define type 2 hypersensitivity reaction

A

Haemolytic disease of newborn - IgG and IgM activate complement system leading to direct damage to cells.

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6
Q

Define type 3 hypersensitivity reaction

A

SLE, rheumatoid - Immue complexes accumulate and cause damage to local tissues

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7
Q

Define type 4 hypersensitivity reaction

A

Organ transplant rejection - hypersensitivity mediated by T cell becoming inappropriately activated

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8
Q

Investigation in allergies

A

Skin prick - sensitisation = unreliable
RAST
Food challenge

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9
Q

Management of allergies

A

Avoid allergen
Regular hoovering and sheet changes
Stay indoors
Prophylactic antihistamines
Epi pen

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10
Q

Define anaphylaxis

A

A life threatening medical emergency - caused by type 1 hypersensitivity reaction to specific antigen - causing airway compromise.

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11
Q

Presentation of anaphylaxis

A

Urticaria
Itching
Angio-oedema - around lips and eyes
Abdominal pain
Shortness of breath
Wheeze
Swelling of larynx - stridor
Tachycardia
Lightheadedness
Collapse

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12
Q

Management of anaphylaxis

A

ABCDE
IM adrenaline - repeat at 5 minutes
Antihistamines
Steroids

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13
Q

Investigations in anaphylaxis

A

Mast cell tryptase within 6 hours of a reaction

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14
Q

Define allergic rhinitis

A

A condition caused by an IgE mediated type 1 hypersensitivity reaction to environmental allergens in the nasal mucosa - seasonal perennial or occupational

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15
Q

Presentation of allergic rhinitis

A

Runny blocked and itchy nose
Sneexing
Itchy
Red
Swollen eye

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16
Q

Common triggers for allergic rhinitis

A

Tree pollen or grass
House dust mites
Pets
Mould

17
Q

Management of allergic rhinitis

A

Lifestyle
Oral antihistamines
Nasal corticosteroid sprays
Nasal antihistamines

18
Q

Define cow’s milk protein allergy

A

A condition typically affecting infants and young children under 3 involving a hypersensitivity reaction to cows milk . Common in formula fed babies

19
Q

Presentation of Cow’s milk protein allergy

A

Before 1 year of age
Becomes apparent when weaning
Bloating
Abdo pain
Diarrhoea
Vomiting
Urticarial rash
Angio-oedema
Cough or wheeze
Sneezing
Watery eyes
Eczema
?anaphylaxis

20
Q

Management of Cow’s milk protein allergy

A

Avoid cows milk - including mothers who breast feed
Hydrolysed formulas
Retry on milk ladder every 6 months

21
Q

Define severe combined immunodeficiency

A

Most sever condition causing immunodeficiency - almost no immunity to infection caused by a number of different genetic disorders that result in absent or dysfunctioning T and B cells

22
Q

Presentation of SCID

A

Persisten severe diarrhoea
Failure to thrice
Opportunistic infection - frequent and severe
Unwell after live vaccines
Omenn syndrome

23
Q

Causes of SCID

A

Mutations in the common gamma chain on the X chromosome - X linked inheritance

24
Q

Define Omenn syndrome

A

Rare cause of SCID - mutation in RAG1 or 2 that codes for proteins in T and B cells - autosomal recessive

25
Q

Features of Omenn syndrome

A

Red scaly dry rash
Hair loss
Diarrhoea
Failure to thrive
Lymphadenopathy
Hepatosplenomegaly

26
Q

Features of DiGeorge syndrome

A

CATCH 22
Congenital heart disease
Abnormal faces
Thymus gland incompletely developed
Cleft palate
Hypoparathyroidism - causing hypocalcaemia
22 chromosome affected

Med Finals - Paediatrics (17 decks)

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