Neurology Flashcards
what is CN1 and give major function
Oldfactory nerve - smell
what may cause CNI dysfunction
truama
parkinsons disease
covid 19
what is CNII and its major functions (3)
Optic nerve - vision
visual acuity
colour perception
visual field depth
(pupil dilation)
what symptoms and (1) sign would someone have with CNII poroblems
blurry vision
colour blindness
loss of field
sign = incorrect dilation of pupil in light
what are common causes of CNII dysfucntion
increased cranial pressure
strokes - vascular
malnutrition e.g. vitamin A
what is CNIII and give its main functions
Oculomotor nerve - controls 4 of the 6 eye muscles
superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique
AND superior eye lid elevator
what are signs and symptoms of CNIII dysfunction
pupil dilation
droopy eyelid (ptosis)
double vision
what are the main two types of aetiology for Oculomotor palsy
Medical - pupil sparing and painless
caused by ischaemia and strokes
Surgical - non-pupil sparing and painful
posterior communicating artery aneurysm
what is CNIV and its main function
Trochlear Nerve
controls 1 eye muscle - superior oblique
symptoms and signs of CNIV dysfunction
double vision when looking down e.g. at stairs
sign = tilts head to correct double vision
what is CNV and its function (3)
Trigeminal nerve
sensory innervation to face with 3 brnaches opthalmic, maxillary and mandibular
also motor to msucles of mastication
-masseter, pterygois and temporalis
what is CNVI and its function
Abducens nerve
longest in path length
lateral rectus eye muscle
symptom of CNVI dysfunction
lateral gaze double vision
what may cause CNVI dysfunction
trauma or inflammation
Raised ICP, swelling or blockage in the brain (likely to be affected as longest path)
stroke
what is CNVII and its function (3)
facial nerve
motor to the facial expression muscles
taste sensation chorda tympani to posterior 2/3 of tongue
parasympathetic to lacrimal, sublingual and submandibular salivary glands
what are the two types of CNVII dysfunction and which nerve does it affect
CNVII
UMN or LMN
UMN = upper motor neurone, within brain, sparing the forehead (frontalis)
LMN = lower motor neurone, outside of brain, weakness of eye and forehead
what can cause CNVII aetiologies
UMN = storke, inflammation
LMN = bells palsy (inflammation), parotid mass
what is CNVIII with function
vestibulocochlear nerve
vestibular and cochlear nerve for hearing and balance
what is CNIX with function
glossopharyngeal nerve
sensation from tonsils, pharynx, middle ear, posterior 1/3 tongue
motor to stylopharyngeus
parasympathetic to parotid
what symptoms and signs are there for CNIX dysfunction
symptoms = loss of taste at back of tongue, impaired swallowing
Signs = loss of gag, loss of taste posterior 1.3 of tongue
what is CNX with function
vagus nerve
motor function in pharynx, larynx (gag reflex) and palatoglossus
coughing
what are symptoms and signs of CNX dysfunction
smyptoms - change in speech and swallowing
signs = dysphonia, impaired cough, gag reflex
what is CNXI with function
accessory nerve
motor to accessory muscles
trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
what is CNXII with function
hypoglossal nerve
motor to tongue apart from palatoglossus (CNX)
what is tapais syndrome
palsy of CNX and CNXII
which muscles control msucles of tongue
CNX vagus (palatoglossus)
CNXII hypoglossus (all other muscles)
what nerves control eye movements
CNIII - oculomotor nerve (superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique)
CNIV - trochlear (superior oblqiue)
CNVI - abducens (lateral rectus)
which CN are invovled in the eye
CNII - acuity, colour, visual fields
CNIII - oculomotor nerve (superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique)
CNIV - trochlear (superior oblqiue)
CNVI - abducens (lateral rectus)
summarise the 12 cranial nerves
I = oldfactory = smell
II = optic = acuity/colour/visual field
III = occulomotor = 4/6 muscles of eye
IV = trochlear = superior oblique
V = trigmeinal = sensory to face and motor to mastication
VI = abducens = lateral rectus
VII = facial = motor to muscles of face expression and taste ant2/3
VIII = vestibulo-cochlear = hearing and balance
IX = glossopharyngeal = sensory to larynx, tonsils, post1/3 tongue and motor to stylopharyngeus
X = vagus = motor to larynx, pharynx, palataglossus
XI = accessory = motor to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
XII = hypoglossal = all motor tongue apart palatoglossus
what are the 4 main reason for blackouts
syncope
epelepsy
non-epeleptic attacks (NEAD)
(10% are acute symptomatic causes (subarachnoid haemorrhage, PE, adrenal insufficiency, hypoglycaemia, electrolyte disturbances, drugs, encephalitis)
