Neurology

Question 1

what is CN1 and give major function

Answer 1

Oldfactory nerve - smell

Question 2

what may cause CNI dysfunction

Answer 2

truama
parkinsons disease
covid 19

Question 3

what is CNII and its major functions (3)

Answer 3

Optic nerve - vision
visual acuity
colour perception
visual field depth
(pupil dilation)

Question 4

what symptoms and (1) sign would someone have with CNII poroblems

Answer 4

blurry vision
colour blindness
loss of field
sign = incorrect dilation of pupil in light

Question 5

what are common causes of CNII dysfucntion

Answer 5

increased cranial pressure
strokes - vascular
malnutrition e.g. vitamin A

Question 6

what is CNIII and give its main functions

Answer 6

Oculomotor nerve - controls 4 of the 6 eye muscles
superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique
AND superior eye lid elevator

Question 7

what are signs and symptoms of CNIII dysfunction

Answer 7

pupil dilation
droopy eyelid (ptosis)
double vision

Question 8

what are the main two types of aetiology for Oculomotor palsy

Answer 8

Medical - pupil sparing and painless
caused by ischaemia and strokes

Surgical - non-pupil sparing and painful
posterior communicating artery aneurysm

Question 9

what is CNIV and its main function

Answer 9

Trochlear Nerve
controls 1 eye muscle - superior oblique

Question 10

symptoms and signs of CNIV dysfunction

Answer 10

double vision when looking down e.g. at stairs
sign = tilts head to correct double vision

Question 11

what is CNV and its function (3)

Answer 11

Trigeminal nerve
sensory innervation to face with 3 brnaches opthalmic, maxillary and mandibular
also motor to msucles of mastication
-masseter, pterygois and temporalis

Question 12

what is CNVI and its function

Answer 12

Abducens nerve
longest in path length
lateral rectus eye muscle

Question 13

symptom of CNVI dysfunction

Answer 13

lateral gaze double vision

Question 14

what may cause CNVI dysfunction

Answer 14

trauma or inflammation
Raised ICP, swelling or blockage in the brain (likely to be affected as longest path)
stroke

Question 15

what is CNVII and its function (3)

Answer 15

facial nerve
motor to the facial expression muscles
taste sensation chorda tympani to posterior 2/3 of tongue
parasympathetic to lacrimal, sublingual and submandibular salivary glands

Question 16

what are the two types of CNVII dysfunction and which nerve does it affect

Answer 16

CNVII
UMN or LMN
UMN = upper motor neurone, within brain, sparing the forehead (frontalis)
LMN = lower motor neurone, outside of brain, weakness of eye and forehead

Question 17

what can cause CNVII aetiologies

Answer 17

UMN = storke, inflammation
LMN = bells palsy (inflammation), parotid mass

Question 18

what is CNVIII with function

Answer 18

vestibulocochlear nerve
vestibular and cochlear nerve for hearing and balance

Question 19

what is CNIX with function

Answer 19

glossopharyngeal nerve
sensation from tonsils, pharynx, middle ear, posterior 1/3 tongue
motor to stylopharyngeus
parasympathetic to parotid

Question 20

what symptoms and signs are there for CNIX dysfunction

Answer 20

symptoms = loss of taste at back of tongue, impaired swallowing
Signs = loss of gag, loss of taste posterior 1.3 of tongue

Question 21

what is CNX with function

Answer 21

vagus nerve
motor function in pharynx, larynx (gag reflex) and palatoglossus
coughing

Question 22

what are symptoms and signs of CNX dysfunction

Answer 22

smyptoms - change in speech and swallowing
signs = dysphonia, impaired cough, gag reflex

Question 23

what is CNXI with function

Answer 23

accessory nerve
motor to accessory muscles
trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

Question 24

what is CNXII with function

Answer 24

hypoglossal nerve
motor to tongue apart from palatoglossus (CNX)

Question 25

what is tapais syndrome

Answer 25

palsy of CNX and CNXII

Question 26

which muscles control msucles of tongue

Answer 26

CNX vagus (palatoglossus) CNXII hypoglossus (all other muscles)

Question 27

what nerves control eye movements

Answer 27

CNIII - oculomotor nerve (superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique) CNIV - trochlear (superior oblqiue) CNVI - abducens (lateral rectus)

Question 28

which CN are invovled in the eye

Answer 28

CNII - acuity, colour, visual fields CNIII - oculomotor nerve (superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique) CNIV - trochlear (superior oblqiue) CNVI - abducens (lateral rectus)

Question 29

summarise the 12 cranial nerves

Answer 29

I = oldfactory = smell II = optic = acuity/colour/visual field III = occulomotor = 4/6 muscles of eye IV = trochlear = superior oblique V = trigmeinal = sensory to face and motor to mastication VI = abducens = lateral rectus VII = facial = motor to muscles of face expression and taste ant2/3 VIII = vestibulo-cochlear = hearing and balance IX = glossopharyngeal = sensory to larynx, tonsils, post1/3 tongue and motor to stylopharyngeus X = vagus = motor to larynx, pharynx, palataglossus XI = accessory = motor to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius XII = hypoglossal = all motor tongue apart palatoglossus

Question 30

what are the 4 main reason for blackouts

Answer 30

syncope epelepsy non-epeleptic attacks (NEAD) (10% are acute symptomatic causes (subarachnoid haemorrhage, PE, adrenal insufficiency, hypoglycaemia, electrolyte disturbances, drugs, encephalitis)