Neurology Flashcards
what lab finding on maternal screen may be present if you are suspecting anecephaly?
elevated AFP (since it is a neural tube defect just like myelo)
what cranial nerve palsies are most common with hydrocephalus?
3 and 6
what is the most common organism for shunt infection>
s. epi (tx with vanc)
what are some symptoms of a chiari type 1 malformation?
dysphagia, vertigo, sleep apnea, ataxia, headache, neck pain (can also develop other spinal cord dysfunction - weakness, spasticity, sensory loss)
what is the klippel-feil triad?
short neck, limited neck motion, low occipital hairline
what is lissencephaly?
smooth brain (agyria) - will have FTT, microcephaly, developmental delay, seizures
what is schizencephaly?
unilateral or bilateral clefts within cerebral hemispeheres
what is porencephaly?
cysts or cavities in the brain (may development defect of acquired after a stroke)
what maternal illicit drug is associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum?
cocaine
how can agenesis of the corpus callosum be inherited?
AD or x-linked
how does spastic CP present?
with upper motor neuron signs - weakness, hypertonicity, contractures, hyperreflexia, can have abnormal reflexes (extensor plantar response/Babinksi)
what is moyamoya disease?
chronic, occlusive, cerebrovascular disease associated wtih sickle-cell disease (and NF1, tri21); “puff of smoke”; collateral vessels around circle of Willis
what type of strokes are associated with chickenpox?
basal gangila or internal capsule
where is the location of most neonatal strokes?
LCA - embolic
what disorders are saccular aneurysms associated with
coarctation of the aorta, polycystic kidneys, ehlers-danlos, marfan
which type of hematoma has a lucid period?
epidural
what anti-eplieptic works for myotonic seizures?
valproate
what type of epilepsy is characterized by: morning myoclonic jerks, onset b/w age 8-20, tonic-clonic seizures occuring during sleep
juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (tx with valproate)
what is the EEG finding in absence seizures?
3/sec generalized spike and wave discharge
how do you treat absence seizures?
ethosuximide, lamotrigine, valproate
what is the difference between simple and complex partial seizures?
in simple the patients can still interact (no loss of consciousness)
what area of the brain do most complex partial seizures occur?
temporal lobe
at what age do infantile spasms usually occur?
4-8 months
how do infantile spasms present?
flexion of head and trunk with adduction and flexion of arms
what is hypsarrhythmia?
high-voltage, irregular, slow waves that occur out of synch and randomly all over, intermixed with spikes
what are some possible treatements for infantile spams?
ACTH, vigabatrin
what syndrome has EEG findings of generalized, bilateral, synchronous, sharp-wave and slow-wave complexes, occuring in repetitive fashion in long runs of 2/second
lennox gastaut - kids usually have at least 2 different types of seizures
what are laughing seizures associated with?
hypothalalmic hamartomas
side effects of valproate?
liver toxicity, weight gain, thrombocytopenia, pancreatitis
side effects of carbamazepine?
leukopenia, liver toxicity (do not use with erythromycin!)
side effects of phenytoin?
gum hypertrophy, stevens johnson,
how do basilar migraines present?
adolescent girls, vertigo, syncope, dysarthria
how does type 1 SMA present?
under 6 months, hypotonia, weakness, difficulty feeding, tongue fasiculations
how do you test for myasthenia gravis?
tensilon test (edrophonium/ach-ase) or neostigmine and look for improvement
are DTRs present in GBS?
no (neither is babinski sign)
what are some common infections that case GBS?
campylobacter, mycoplasma, EBV
how can you differentiate GBS from transverse myelitis?
GBS will not have sensory involvement
how does acute cerebellar ataxia present?
age 2-6, previous GI or URI illness, tremor, ataxia, horizontal nystagmus, irritability
