Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

what lab finding on maternal screen may be present if you are suspecting anecephaly?

A

elevated AFP (since it is a neural tube defect just like myelo)

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2
Q

what cranial nerve palsies are most common with hydrocephalus?

A

3 and 6

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3
Q

what is the most common organism for shunt infection>

A

s. epi (tx with vanc)

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4
Q

what are some symptoms of a chiari type 1 malformation?

A

dysphagia, vertigo, sleep apnea, ataxia, headache, neck pain (can also develop other spinal cord dysfunction - weakness, spasticity, sensory loss)

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5
Q

what is the klippel-feil triad?

A

short neck, limited neck motion, low occipital hairline

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6
Q

what is lissencephaly?

A

smooth brain (agyria) - will have FTT, microcephaly, developmental delay, seizures

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7
Q

what is schizencephaly?

A

unilateral or bilateral clefts within cerebral hemispeheres

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8
Q

what is porencephaly?

A

cysts or cavities in the brain (may development defect of acquired after a stroke)

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9
Q

what maternal illicit drug is associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum?

A

cocaine

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10
Q

how can agenesis of the corpus callosum be inherited?

A

AD or x-linked

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11
Q

how does spastic CP present?

A

with upper motor neuron signs - weakness, hypertonicity, contractures, hyperreflexia, can have abnormal reflexes (extensor plantar response/Babinksi)

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12
Q

what is moyamoya disease?

A

chronic, occlusive, cerebrovascular disease associated wtih sickle-cell disease (and NF1, tri21); “puff of smoke”; collateral vessels around circle of Willis

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13
Q

what type of strokes are associated with chickenpox?

A

basal gangila or internal capsule

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14
Q

where is the location of most neonatal strokes?

A

LCA - embolic

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15
Q

what disorders are saccular aneurysms associated with

A

coarctation of the aorta, polycystic kidneys, ehlers-danlos, marfan

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16
Q

which type of hematoma has a lucid period?

17
Q

what anti-eplieptic works for myotonic seizures?

18
Q

what type of epilepsy is characterized by: morning myoclonic jerks, onset b/w age 8-20, tonic-clonic seizures occuring during sleep

A

juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (tx with valproate)

19
Q

what is the EEG finding in absence seizures?

A

3/sec generalized spike and wave discharge

20
Q

how do you treat absence seizures?

A

ethosuximide, lamotrigine, valproate

21
Q

what is the difference between simple and complex partial seizures?

A

in simple the patients can still interact (no loss of consciousness)

22
Q

what area of the brain do most complex partial seizures occur?

A

temporal lobe

23
Q

at what age do infantile spasms usually occur?

A

4-8 months

24
Q

how do infantile spasms present?

A

flexion of head and trunk with adduction and flexion of arms

25
what is hypsarrhythmia?
high-voltage, irregular, slow waves that occur out of synch and randomly all over, intermixed with spikes
26
what are some possible treatements for infantile spams?
ACTH, vigabatrin
27
what syndrome has EEG findings of generalized, bilateral, synchronous, sharp-wave and slow-wave complexes, occuring in repetitive fashion in long runs of 2/second
lennox gastaut - kids usually have at least 2 different types of seizures
28
what are laughing seizures associated with?
hypothalalmic hamartomas
29
side effects of valproate?
liver toxicity, weight gain, thrombocytopenia, pancreatitis
30
side effects of carbamazepine?
leukopenia, liver toxicity (do not use with erythromycin!)
31
side effects of phenytoin?
gum hypertrophy, stevens johnson,
32
how do basilar migraines present?
adolescent girls, vertigo, syncope, dysarthria
33
how does type 1 SMA present?
under 6 months, hypotonia, weakness, difficulty feeding, tongue fasiculations
34
how do you test for myasthenia gravis?
tensilon test (edrophonium/ach-ase) or neostigmine and look for improvement
35
are DTRs present in GBS?
no (neither is babinski sign)
36
what are some common infections that case GBS?
campylobacter, mycoplasma, EBV
37
how can you differentiate GBS from transverse myelitis?
GBS will not have sensory involvement
38
how does acute cerebellar ataxia present?
age 2-6, previous GI or URI illness, tremor, ataxia, horizontal nystagmus, irritability