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Neuro > Neurology 101 > Flashcards

Neurology 101 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

Functions as the body’s “control center”

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2
Q

What is the function of the CNS?

A

Integrates (information)

Coordinates (activity)

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3
Q

What is the function of the PNS?

A

Connect the body to the CNS

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4
Q

What is the PNS comprised of?

A

Somatic and autonomic nervous system

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5
Q

What is the somatic nervous system associated with?

A

Voluntary control of skeletal muscles

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6
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system regulate?

A

Involuntary, visceral function (HR, RR, digestion)

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7
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system divided into?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

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8
Q

Where does the sympathetic nervous system begin?

A

Thoracic/lumbar spine

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9
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system mediate?

A

Sympatho-adrenal response

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10
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system regulate?

A

Rest and digest

Feed and breed

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11
Q

Where does the parasympathetic nervous system begin?

A

Brainstem or sacral spine

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12
Q

What are the three main types of neurons?

A

Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Interneurons

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13
Q

What is the neuronal structure composed of?

A

Soma
Dendrites
Axon

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14
Q

What is the soma?

A

Central part of the neuron

Contains the nucleus

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15
Q

What is the dendrites?

A

Branched projections of the soma that function to receive the inputs from other cells

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16
Q

What is the axon?

A

Carries nerve impulses away from the soma

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17
Q

How many axon are there per soma?

A

1, but usually branches extensively

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18
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

Where axon emerges from soma

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19
Q

Where are the highest density of voltage-dependent sodium channels?

A

Axon hillock

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20
Q

What are the parts of the axon?

A

Axon hillock

Axon terminal

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21
Q

What is the function of myelination?

A

To increase nerve impulse conduction velocity

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22
Q

What is myelin?

A

Insulating sheath composed of glial cells

23
Q

What are glial cells in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

24
Q

What are glial cells in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

25
Q

What are the gaps in myelin sheaths?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

26
Q

How is the membrane potential maintained?

A

Sodium-potassium ATPase pump and ion channels

27
Q

What is the exchange rate for sodium and potassium?

A

3 sodium cations out for every 2 potassium cations in

28
Q

What is the net intracellular charge?

A

Negative

29
Q

What is the resting state in an action potential?

A

Na/K pump actively maintains resting potential

Ion channels closed

30
Q

What is resting membrane potential?

A

-70

31
Q

What are the stages of an action potential?

A 
Resting
Stimulus
Depolarization
Repolarization
Hyperpolarization
Refractory period
32
Q

What happens to the sodium during depolarization?

A

Rapid sodium influx (moves down concentration gradient into neurons)

33
Q

What happens during repolarization?

A

Once membrane potential reaches 30-40, potassium channels open and potassium leaves the neuron
Sodium channels close (trapped inside)

34
Q

What happens during hyperpolarization?

A

Potassium channels close slowly allowing excess potassium to leave the neuron
Membrane potential falls below resting potential

35
Q

What happens during the refractory period

A

Na/K pump works to re-establish resting potential

36
Q

If an axon was myelinated axons, where does the action potential occur?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

37
Q

What is synaptic neurotransmission?

A

What happens when the action potential reaches the axon terminal

38
Q

What is the primary means by which neurons communicate with target cells?

A

Synaptic neurotransmission

39
Q

How are classical neurotransmitters released into the synaptic cleft?

A

Synthesized in the presynaptic region of the axon terminal, stored in vesicles, and released into the synaptic cleft

40
Q

How do neurotransmitters modulate the function of postsynaptic cells?

A

By binding to receptors

41
Q

What are the two major subtypes of neurotransmitter receptors?

A

Ionotropic

Metabotrophic

42
Q

What do ionotrophic receptors do?

A

Neurotransmitter engagement results in the direct opening of ion channels

43
Q

What do metabotrophic receptors do?

A

Interact with G proteins, stimulating production of second messengers and activating protein kinases to indirectly result in the opening/closing of ion channels

44
Q

Which neurotransmitter receptors are the fastest?

A

Ionotrophic

45
Q

How are neurotransmitters removed from the synaptic cleft?

A

Reuptake into the presynaptic neuron
Diffusion away from the synaptic cleft
Enzymatic inactivation

46
Q

What is a neural circuit?

A

A functional entity of interconnected neurons that utilizes feedback mechanisms to regulate its own activity

47
Q

What is a neural circuit composed of?

A

Excitatory and inhibitory neurons

48
Q

Where does neuronal excitation most commonly occur?

A

Axodendritic synpases

49
Q

Where does neuronal inhibition most commonly occur?

A

Axosomatic synapses

50
Q

Which types of AA neurotransmitters are excitatory?

A

Glutamate

Aspartate

51
Q

Which types of AA neurotransmitters are inhibitory?

A

Glycine
GABA
Serine

52
Q

What are the peptide neurotransmitters?

A

Substance P

Somatostatin

53
Q

What are the monoamine neurotransmitters?

A

Dopamine
Histamine
Serotonin
Epinephrine

54
Q

What are the gasotransmitters?

A

Nitric oxide

Neuro (13 decks)

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