neurological examination Flashcards
4 regions of the brain
cerebrum
diencephalon
brainstem
cerebellum
___: part of the brain that deals with motor and sensory, cognition, conscious perception/integrating
cerebrum
___: part of the brain that deals with thalamus, hypothalamus, internal capsule, reticular activating system, integration of functions of cortex, fight/flight, homeostasis, affect, arousal/wakefulness/attention
diencephalon
___: part of the brain that deals with respiration, HR regulation, BP
brainstem
___: part of the brain that deals with coordination of voluntary movement, balance, equilibrium
cerebellum
brain is divided into 4 lobes
frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
____ ___: autoimmune; demyelination of CNS, peripheral nerves and brainstem; slower nerve conduction
multiple sclerosis
spinal cord is an extension of the ___ ___
medulla oblongata
spinal cord runs from the ____ ____ to the __/___ level
foramen magnum
L1/L2
dorsal roots are ___
sensory
ventral roots are ___
motor
ascending tracts are ____
sensory
descending tracts are ___
motor
lateral spinothalamic tract (LSTT) carries ___ and ___
pain
temperature
___ ____ ___: largest ascending tract
lateral spinothalamic tract
LSTT lesion carries ___ loss of sensation
contralateral
LSTT lesion happens at ___ or ___ levels below the level of the lesion
1/2
anterior spinothalamic tract (ASTT) carries sensations for ___ ___ and ___
light touch
pressure
ASTT lesion carries ___ loss of sensation
contralateral
ASTT lesion happens at ___ or ___ levels below the level of the lesion
3/4
dorsal columns carries senations for…
fine touch/discrimination
unconscious proprioception
vibration
dorsal columns:
lesions below the medulla result in ___ loss of sensation
ipsi
dorsal columns:
lesions above the medulla result in ___ loss of sensation
contra
dorsal columns in UE vs LE
fasciculus cuneatus
fasciculus gracilis
ASTT, LSTT and dorsal columns are all ____ tracts
ascending (sensory)
___/___ tract
- motor pathway for contraction of skeletal muscles
- upper motor neurons which correspond to spinal nerves
corticospinal/pyramidal
___ tracts respond to cranial nerves
corticobulbar
___: lesion to spinal nerve reulting in LMN lesion
radiculopathy
___: lesion to peripheral nerve resulting in LMN lesion
neuopathy
____: lesion or dysfunction of muscle fibers resulting in muscle weakness
myopathy
___ ___ ___ lesion: a lesion to the descending tracts and/or the cerebrum
upper motor neuron
___ ___ ___ lesion: lesion to the ventral gray matter of the spinal cord, ventral nerve root, spinal nerve, and/or peripheral nerve
lower motor neuron
signs of UMN lesipn
spastic paralysis hyperreflexia clonus presence of pathogical reflexes diminished/absence of superficial reflexes clasp knife rigidity disuse atrophy
signs of LMN lesion
flaccid paralysis hyporeflexia atrophy decreased muscle tone fasciculation
___: small, local, involuntary muscle contraction visible under the skin
fasciculations
___: numbness, tingling, “pins and needles” or “asleep”
parasthesia
look at mental staus
start on 19
delerium is ___
transient
dementia is ___
permanent
pain and temp assessment testing ____ ___ ___
lateral spinothalamic tract
light touch assessing ___ ___ ___
anterior spinothalamic tract
posterior columns assessing..
position sense movement sense vibration two pt discrimination stereognosis graphesthesia
lesions to the posterior columns typically results in sensory loss that is ___ to ___
distal proximal
___: sensitivity to pain
algesia
____: loss of sensation to pain
analgesia
___: decreased sensibility of pain
hypoalgesia
___: increased sensibility to pain
hyperalgesia
___: loss of temp sense
thermoanesthesia
___: diminished perception of temperature differences
thermohypoesthesia
___: exaggerated sensation of temperature differences
thermohypersthesia
____: loss of light touch sense
thigmanesthesia
___: total or partial loss of sensation
anesthesia
