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Intro to behavioural neuroscience > neurological disorders > Flashcards

neurological disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between neurological and psychological disorders

A

In neurological disorders you can point to a problem

Psychological disorders a problem with pathways

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2
Q

closed head injuries

A

caused by low to the head by blunt surface.

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3
Q

open head injury

A

injury to the parts damaged by the object

there is damage to blood vessels which may deprive parts of the brain from blood

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4
Q

Do you always notice when you have . TBI

A

Not always immedietely

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5
Q

survivors of TBI will normally have

A

Scarring and seizures

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6
Q

seizure disorders

A

runaway excitation in the brain. When there is no balance in excitation and inhibitio

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7
Q

causes of seizure disorders

A

hit to the head, strokes
Genetic mutations in ion channels that makes neurons more excitable
In children, running a high temperature may cause seizures
- low depressants eg alcohol

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8
Q

why is alcohol withdrawal life threatening

A

because the body has gotten used to operating with alcohol in the body

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9
Q

is there always brain damage when a seizure occurs

A

there could be because excitsbility leads to aoptoid

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10
Q

partial seizures/ focal seizure

A

restricted to a small part of the brain
Simple
complex: produces loss of consciousness

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11
Q

Generalized

A

involves most of the brain

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12
Q

Where in the brain can seizures occur

A

anywhere in the brain.
Visual cortex: see lights
Temporal cortex: hearing sounds and smelling things
prirital cortex: out of body experiences

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13
Q

tonic-clonic seizure

A

Seizure in the whole brain
might starts with an aura
tonic phase_ muscle contracts
Clonic phase- convlusions

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14
Q

Absence seizures

A

they stop what they are doing and just stare off into the distance.

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15
Q

ways in the seizures are treated

A

by taking anticonvulsant drugs .These increase the effectiveness of inhibitory synapses.

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16
Q

what other method other than drugs do the treat focal seizures

A

They trigger a seizure and find where the seizuree affects and they cut out that part..

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17
Q

Why will a person with focal seizures after having that part cut out will sometimes have better cognitive funnction

A

Because parts of the brain that were working to inhibit the excitory neurons of the focal point are now free to be used for other cognitive tasks

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18
Q

Tumor

A

mass of cells growing uncontrollably and they serve no function

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19
Q

non malignant tumors

A

have distinct borders and they dont spread

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20
Q

malignant tumors

A

dont have distinct border and their cells metasticize aka spread

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21
Q

which tumor is more life threatening

A

they are both

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22
Q

why are neurons rarely cancerous

A

they do not divide

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23
Q

Why do you have brain tumors then?

A

its all the non neuronal cells that support brain function

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24
Q

Gliomas

A

they are a malignant brain tumor.

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25
Q

how they treat gliomas

A

radiation therapy: use lasers to cause DNA damage to kill of the affected cells
Chemotherapy: kill dividing cells.
Target replication to cause mutations resulting in apoptosis.

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26
Q

Meningioma

A

Non-malignant. They grow slow and eventually manifest as a seizure

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27
Q

strokes

A

loss of blood to an area in the brain.

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28
Q

types of strokes

A

Hemarrhagic stroke: tear in blood vessel

Ischemic strokes: blockage in capillary in the brain

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29
Q

atherosclerosis

A

linings of the arteries develop layers of plaque.
Connected to high cholesteral.
It is a precursor to heart attacks and strokes.

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30
Q

Thrombus

A

blood clots that form within blood vessels

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31
Q

embolus

A

piece of blood clot that breaks off and goes to block another part of the circulatory system

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32
Q

How are we dealing with reducing clots

A

administration of tPA which dissolves clots.

But if there is a tear in the brain it is an neural toxin

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33
Q

What other solutions are being proposed for blood clots

A

using a protein found in vampire bats. These dissolve clots.

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34
Q

what normally cause disorders in development u

A

toxins and viruses and drugs taken during gestation

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35
Q

drinking during pregnancy can lead to

A

early birth
small birth weight
slow development
But also there is a critical fay where a certain concentration of alcohol will lead to severe brain development problem

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36
Q

Inherited metabolic errors

A

errors of metabolism that can result in disturbed brain function

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37
Q

examples Inherited metabolic errors

A

PKU: disorder in which you cannot produce the enzyme that breaks down

38
Q

encephalitis

A

inflammation in the brain caused by bacterial or viral infections

39
Q

Meningitis

A

inflammation of meninges

40
Q

Polio

A

viral infection that destoys neurons of the brain and spinal cord

41
Q

rabies

A

viral infection that cause brain damage transmitted through bites

42
Q

Herpes

A

virus that causes cold sores but can also cause brain damage.

43
Q

autoimmune disorders

A

over active immune system and starts affecting body proteins

44
Q

MS

A

immune system degrading myeline

45
Q

What happens with MS

A

Neural transmition is disturbed

46
Q

progressive MS

A

Increasing symptoms

47
Q

remitting-relapsing MS

A

Starts-stops-starts
common in people who live far from the equator.
Might be due to previous viral attacks

48
Q

treating MS

A

Interferons beta: protein that makes the immune system back off myelin
Glatiramer acetate: blood the with the this decoy the immune system .

49
Q

Neurodegenerative diseases

A

Neurons in the brain just start to die. Different cells depending on the disease.

50
Q

How are proteins meant to interact with each other

A

they are meant to have purposeful interaction not aggregating

51
Q

what is the driving force for neurodegenerative diseases

A

proteins starting to clamp up and building up over time

52
Q

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy

A

contagious disease. it causes a degeneration that causes spongelike appearances caused bu protein called prion

53
Q

prion

A

a protein that exist in two forms that differ in their 3D shape.

54
Q

how prion protein causes other proteins to fold abnormally

A

when they touch other proteins

55
Q

sporadic disease

A

not obviously hereditary or an infectious agent

56
Q

huntington disease

A

inherited gene disorder. Degeneration of the basal ganglia

An increasing loss of coordinations and then later jerky movements

57
Q

the onset of huntington disease

A

where are many CAG repeats in the huntington protein the cell cuts it in half and then half starts to aggregate and form clamps and eventually where it is happening will start to die off.

58
Q

how to treat huntington disese

A

no cure

59
Q

trial for cures for huntington disease

A

Antisense therapy: injecting antisense DNA that bind to the extra long huntingtons proteins and they are destroted

60
Q

parkinsons disease

A

also called a movement disorder. Slowness of movement and difficulty initiating movement

61
Q

causes of parkinsons disease

A

death of dopamine neurons in the midbrain ie substantia nigra.

62
Q

proteins affected

A

aggregation of alpha-synuclein: Dopamines are affected because they express this protein.
Build up over time.

63
Q

manifestation of parkinsons

A

slow movement and trouble initiating movement

64
Q

Lewy body

A

alpha-synuclein accumulation into little balls.

65
Q

enzyme parkin

A

enzyme parkin: floats around monitoring for misfolded proteins. It then adds ubiquitin
molecules and proteosomes are meant to break it down

66
Q

On set of parkinsons

A

mutation on parkin made dopamine sensitive and it produced more alpha-synucei

67
Q

toxic gain on function

A

Dominant gene produces things that shouldnt be there

68
Q

loss of function

A

2 recessive proteins resulting in the lack of a certain function

69
Q

Treatment for parkinsons

A

administering L-dopa that will help make dopamine as soon as the symptoms shows

70
Q

other characteristics of parkinsons

A

Subthalamic nucleus
globus pallidus internal show hyper activity when there is little dopamine

Deep brain stimulation: subthalamic nucleus, you stimulate at 130 times per second and the neurons stop having action potentials
you can up or down regulate the frequency.

71
Q

dementia

A

loss of cognitive abilities associated with old age

72
Q

alzheimers

A

caused by misfolding of beta-amyloid protein.

causes memory loss, motor deficit

73
Q

amyloid plaques

A

clamp of amyloid beta proteins

74
Q

APP

A

precursor for amyloid beta proteins

75
Q

secratases

A

cuts APP to fregments 3 parts

76
Q

on set of alzheimers

A

secretase can cut in the long position resulting in longer APP which then aggregates and forms plaques

77
Q

presenilin

A

protein that forms secretases. When mutated cause secretases to cut longer APP which leads to aggregation

78
Q

Apolipoprotein

A

regulates cholesteral in the blood. A change in cholesterol levels in the cell also affects the action of secretases

79
Q

who are at less risk

A

people who are active

well educated people

80
Q

Treatments

A

giving Ach estarase inhibitors to keep ach longer at synapses.
This helps because Ach does off faster
NMDA receptor antagonist, activation which slows down cell death. which will keep them

81
Q

immunotherapy

A

making antibodies to destroy proteins in the body eg Beta amyloid

82
Q

why is it that clearing Beta Amyloid not working to stop alzheimers

A

Tau proteins which are microtubules which are involved in cell transport. These are hyperphosphorylated in alzheimers and tangle up

83
Q

neurofibriliary tangles

A

hyperphosphorylated tau proteins

84
Q

ALS aka Lou Gehrigs disease

A

attacks the spinal cord and cranial nerve motor neurons

85
Q

causes of ALS

A

there is not just one protein that is acting up.
Usually 2 or more genes required for this to ocur
The ones that are hereditary

86
Q

why are motor neurons vulnerable

A

because they are so long

87
Q

treatments for ALS

A

Not much- riluzole which reduces glutamate reduced

88
Q

what determines what mutations survive

A

how they affect survival. smaller effect mutations die off less. The family line continues with good genes

89
Q

psychiatric illnesses

A

they are common

harmful to reproductive success

90
Q

how psychiatric illnesses survive in gene line

A
  • Maybe they were neutral but todays conditions are causing them to be active.
91
Q

schizophrenia

A

Caused by many genes and so are manny other psychiatric illinesses

Intro to behavioural neuroscience (6 decks)

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