Neurological conditions

Question 1

Acute Stroke

• Caused by an intra-cerebral _____ or _____
• __ – __% are ischaemic
• __ – __% are haemorrhage, which about 50% die
• Main risk factors are atrial fibrillation, hypertension, smoking, aging and diabetes
• It is the leading cause of _____
• Second leading cause of _____
• Third leading cause of _____
• CT scan or MRI to differentiate if the stroke is _____ or ______ in nature

Answer 1

Acute Stroke

• Caused by an intra-cerebral haemorrhage or infarct
• 80 – 85% are ischaemic
• 15 – 20% are haemorrhage, which about 50% die
• Main risk factors are atrial fibrillation, hypertension, smoking, aging and diabetes
• It is the leading cause of disability
• Second leading cause of dementia
• Third leading cause of death
• CT scan or MRI to differentiate if the stroke is ischaemic or haemorrhagic in nature

Question 2

Acute Stroke

• Ischaemic stroke, is compromised vascular supply to the brain which activates the isachemic cascade. This causes a local _____ of oxygen and glucose. This leads to the failure of energy production via the ATP pathways and ass a results leads to cell _____ and then _____.
• Haemorrhagic strokes, is a _____ of a blood vessel in the brain. This causes _____ due to the decreased vascular supply and increases the intra-cranial pressure due to the bleeding.

Answer 2

Acute Stroke

• Ischaemic stroke, is compromised vascular supply to the brain which activates the isachemic cascade. This causes a local depletion of oxygen and glucose. This leads to the failure of energy production via the ATP pathways and ass a results leads to cell injury and then necrosis.
• Haemorrhagic strokes, is a rupture of a blood vessel in the brain. This causes hypoxia due to the decreased vascular supply and increases the intra-cranial pressure due to the bleeding.

Question 3

Transient Ischaemic Attack

• Acute episode of temporary _____ dysfunction that last more than an hour
• Amaurosis fugax
• _____ in one side of the body
• Confusion
• Vision
• _____ and dizziness
• _____ within 24 hours of symptoms and MRI

Answer 3

Transient Ischaemic Attack

• Acute episode of temporary neurological dysfunction that last more than an hour
• Amaurosis fugax
• Weakness in one side of the body
• Confusion
• Vision
• Headaches and dizziness
• Neuroimaging within 24 hours of symptoms and MRI

Question 4

Transient Ischaemic Attack

• Internal carotid artery stenosis due to _____ lesions
• Lesions of distal vertebral artery, _____ junction and proximal _____ artery
• _____ at top of basilar artery or middle cerebral artery stem

Answer 4

Transient Ischaemic Attack

• Internal carotid artery stenosis due to atherothrombotic lesions
• Lesions of distal vertebral artery, vertebrobasilar junction and proximal basilar artery
• Emboli at top of basilar artery or middle cerebral artery stem

Question 5

Subarachnoid Haemorrhage

-_____ that occurs or flows into the _____ space often caused by a _____ aneurysm

-Many different causes:
_____ aneurysm
AV _____
Head trauma which can cause a _____

-__ scan

Answer 5

Subarachnoid Haemorrhage

-Bleeding that occurs or flows into the subarachnoid space often caused by a berry aneurysm

-Many different causes:
Berry aneurysm
AV malformation
Head trauma which can cause a rupture

-CT scan

Question 6

Acute Transverse Myelitis

• An immune mediate process which causes _____ injury to the spinal cord
• Patients have CSF _____ and blood brain barrier break down in the focal areas of the spinal _____.
• Acute inflammation in the _____ and _____ matter in one or more _____ in the spinal cord
• Bilateral _____ in arms/legs
• Numbness and _____
• Pain or _____
• Bladder _____ or bowel problems
• MRI

Answer 6

Acute Transverse Myelitis

• An immune mediate process which causes neurological injury to the spinal cord
• Patients have CSF pleocytosis and blood brain barrier break down in the focal areas of the spinal cord.
• Acute inflammation in the grey and white matter in one or more segments in the spinal cord
• Bilateral weakness in arms/legs
• Numbness and tingling
• Pain or discomfort
• Bladder dysfunction or bowel problems
• MRI

Question 7

Multiple Sclerosis

• A _____ disease that damages the myelin _____
• Episodes of spastic paraparesis, hemiparesis or tetraparesis
• Episodes of limb _____
• Episodes of _____ disturbances
• Charcot’s triad which is _____, _____ and _____
• MRI

Answer 7

Multiple Sclerosis

• A demyelination disease that damages the myelin sheaths
• Episodes of spastic paraparesis, hemiparesis or tetraparesis
• Episodes of limb paraesthesia
• Episodes of visual disturbances
• Charcot’s triad which is ataxia, dysarthria and tremors
• MRI