Muscular conditions

Question 1

Motor Neuron Disease

• Progressive neuromuscular disorder than results in muscular limb bulbar weakness due to the death of motor neurons in the ____, brain ____ and spinal _____
• __ years and over
• Degeneration and loss of motor neurons in anterior _____ and motor _____ of brain stem
• The muscles undergo _____ atrophy and hence the degeneration of the upper motor neurons
• Clinical diagnosis from _____

Answer 1

Motor Neuron Disease

• Progressive neuromuscular disorder than results in muscular limb bulbar weakness due to the death of motor neurons in the brain, brain stem and spinal cord
• 50 years and over
• Degeneration and loss of motor neurons in anterior horn and motor nuclei of brain stem
• The muscles undergo denervation atrophy and hence the degeneration of the upper motor neurons
• Clinical diagnosis from neurologist

Question 2

Parkinson’s Disease

• Degeneration dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway and dopamine depletion in _____
• Dopamine producing neurons of _____ _____ start to waste
• Triad rigidity
• Bradykinesia
• Tremor

Answer 2

Parkinson’s Disease

• Degeneration dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway and dopamine depletion in striatum
• Dopamine producing neurons of substantia nigra start to waste
• Triad rigidity
• Bradykinesia
• Tremor

Question 3

Alzheimer’s Disease

• Extracellular deposition of _____ _____ and intracellular accumulation of _____ protein, this damages the synapses and kills _____
• Biomarkers of _____ protein and _____ _____

Answer 3

Alzheimer’s Disease

• Extracellular deposition of beta amyloid and intracellular accumulation of tau protein, this damages the synapses and kills neurons
• Biomarkers of tau protein and beta amyloid

Question 4

Myasthenia Gravis

• Chronic autoimmune muscular disease that causes weakness in _____ muscles
• Antibodies attach to the muscle end plate _____
• _____ abnormalities thought to play pivotal role in develop of anti-_____ autoantibodies
• Weakness, in _____ muscle and limbs

Answer 4

Myasthenia Gravis

• Chronic autoimmune muscular disease that causes weakness in skeletal muscles
• Antibodies attach to the muscle end plate membrane
• Thymus abnormalities thought to play pivotal role in develop of anti-AChR autoantibodies
• Weakness, in oesophageal muscle and limbs

Question 5

Muscular Dystrophies

• Group of inherited muscle disorders in which one or more genes needed for normal function are defective, leading to muscle _____
• Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophies in inherited via autosomal dominant gene _____
• Duchenne is a recessive gene, __ chromosome link
• Absence of _____results in depolarisation, creates ongoing degeneration and regeneration of muscle _____
• Muscles undergo _____ and is replaced by adipose and connective tissue

Answer 5

Muscular Dystrophies

• Group of inherited muscle disorders in which one or more genes needed for normal function are defective, leading to muscle weakness
• Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophies in inherited via autosomal dominant gene Xp21
• Duchenne is a recessive gene, X chromosome link
• Absence of dystrophin results in depolarisation, creates ongoing degeneration and regeneration of muscle fibres
• Muscles undergo necrosis and is replaced by adipose and connective tissue

Question 6

Muscular Dystrophies

• Muscle _____
• _____ and _____ complications as they grow older
• Muscle biopsy to look at any _____ deficiencies
• Blood tests for the gene that codes _____

Answer 6

Muscular Dystrophies

• Muscle weakness
• Cardiac and respiratory complications as they grow older
• Muscle biopsy to look at any dystrophin deficiencies
• Blood tests for the gene that codes dystrophin