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Health Assessment quiz 4 > Neurological > Flashcards

Neurological Flashcards

1
Q

segmentation

A

cutaneous distribution of the various spinal nerves

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2
Q

dermatome

A

circumscribed skin area that is supplied mainly from one spinal cord segment through a particular spinal nerve

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3
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

cranial and spinal nerves

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4
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

afferent

A

sensory, to CNS

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6
Q

efferent

A

motor, from CNS

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7
Q

cerebral cortex

A

highest functions, voluntary movements

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8
Q

What brain functions do you want to assess?

A

Sensation
Vision/hearing
Language comprehension
Aphasia

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9
Q

expressive aphasia

A

Broca’s aphasia

Difficulty conveying thoughts through speech and writing

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10
Q

receptive aphasia

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

Difficulty understanding spoken or written language

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11
Q

global aphasia

A

Excessive damage

Cannot speak or understand speech

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12
Q

anomic/amnesia aphasia

A

Least severe

Difficulty in using the correct names for particular objects, people, places, or events.

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13
Q

damage of cerebral cortex can produce

A

Loss of function (dependent on area affected)
Motor weakness
Paralysis
Loss of sensation (paresthesia)
Impaired ability to understand and process language

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14
Q

cerebellum

A

Motor coordination of voluntary movements
Equilibrium
Muscle tone
(all subconsciously)

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15
Q

sensory pathways

A

sensory fibers transmit/conduct sensations of: pain, temperature, crude or light touch (not precisely located), position, vibration, finely localized touch (e.g. can ID familiar object by touch—feeling and identifying a key in your hand with your eyes closed)

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16
Q

motor pathways

A

pyramidal tract: skilled and purposeful movement; extrapyramidal tract: more primitive motor system—maintains muscle tone, controls body movement such as walking

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17
Q

UMN

A

Upper motor neurons
Located in CNS
Diseases associated with - stroke, CP, MS

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18
Q

LMN

A

Lower motor neurons
Located in peripheral
Final direct contact with muscles, movement translated into action
Diseases associated with cranial and spinal nerves– spinal cord lesions, poliomyelitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

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19
Q

5 components of deep tendon reflex

A 
Intact sensory nerve (afferent)
A functional synapse at the cord
An intact motor nerve (efferent)
The neuromuscular junction
A competent muscle
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20
Q

autonomic/somatic function of PNS

A

Somatic: innervate the skeletal (voluntary) muscles
Autonomic: innervate smooth (involuntary) muscles, cardiac, and glands; mediates unconscious
activity

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21
Q

sensory nerves exit through

A

posterior/dorsal routes

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22
Q

motor nerves exit through

A

anterior/ventral roots

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23
Q

sensation in infant

A

Rudimentary, need strong stimulation to create a response

24
Q

aging adult

A 
Steady loss of neuron structure in brain and spinal cord
General loss of muscle bulk; loss of muscle tone in face, neck, around spine
Decreased muscle strength	
Impaired fine coordination and agility
Loss of sensation	
Pupillary changes
Reaction time slows
Touch, pain, taste, smell may diminish
25
decreased cerebral blood flow and oxygen may cause
dizziness, loss of balance with position changes
26
seizures- ask about
Aura: can be auditory, visual, or motor Motor activity Associated signs others noted you have Post-ictal period: sleepy, confused, weakness, headache Precipitating factors Medications Effect on daily life/quality of life
27
tremors- ask about
precipitating and palliative factors
28
paresis
Partial paralysis, weakness caused by nerve damage or disease.
29
FAST
Face drooping Arm weakness Speech difficulty Time to call 911
30
Babinski reflex
Normal in infants only Check of the plantar reflex [L4 – S2]—stroke sole of foot—if dorsiextension of big toe and fanning of other toes—positive Babinski reflex Sign of UMN disease
31
Glasgow coma scale
eye opening, verbal response, motor response
32
neuro recheck
Level of consciousness Motor coordination Pupillary response Vital signs
33
test for sensation
``` Pain Light touch Vibration Position Tactile discrimination (fine touch) Stereognosis- put object in hand Graphesthesia- write number on hand Two-point discrimination Extinction Point location ```
34
clonus
Is repeated reflex muscular movements. A hyperactive reflex with sustained clonus occurs with UMN disease.
35
hyperreflexia
exaggerated reflex occuring with UMN lesions (stroke)
36
hyporeflexia
absence of a reflex, LMN problem- interruption of sensory afferents or destruction of motor efferents and anterior horn cells (spinal cord injury)
37
flaccidity
decreased muscle tone or hypotonia; muscle feels limp, soft and flabby
38
spasticity
increased tone hypertonia; increased resistance to passive strengthening, clasp-knife phenomenon
39
rigidity
constant state of resistance, resists passive movement in any direction; dystonia
40
Cogwheel rigidity
Type of rigidity in which the increased tone is released by degrees during passive range of motion so it feels like small, regular jerks
41
Warning signs of Alzheimer's
``` Memory loss Losing track Forgetting words Getting lost Poor judgement Abstract failing Losing things Mood swings Personality change Growing passive ```
42
paralysis
decrease or loss of motor power caused by problem with motor nerve or muscle fibers
43
causes of paralysis
acute- trauma, spinal cord injury, stroke, poliomyelitis, polyneuritis, Bell's palsy chronic- muscular dystrophy, diabetic neuropathy, multiple sclerosis episodic- myasthenia gravis
44
paresis
weakness of muscles rather than paralysis
45
fasciculation
rapid, continuous twitching of resting muscle or part of muscle without movement of limb
46
myoclonus
rapid, sudden jerk or a short series of jerks at fairly regular intervals. Severe with grand mal seizures
47
tic
involuntary, compulsive, repetitive twitching of a muscle group r/t neurological cause (tardive dyskinesias, Tourette's) or psychogenic cause (habit tic)
48
chorea
sudden, rapid, jerky, purposeless movement involving limbs, trunk or face. Occurs at irregular intervals, more convulsive than a tic.
49
athetosis
slow, twisting, writhing, continuous movement, resembling a snake or worm. Involves the distal more than the proximal part of the limb.
50
four types of reflexes
(1) deep tendon reflexes - patellar, e.g. (2) superficial - corneal or abdominal reflex (3) visceral (organic) - pupillary response to light & accommodation (4) pathologic - Babinski reflex
51
dysmetria
inability to control the distance, power and speed of a muscular action
52
parathesia
abnormal sensation (burning, tingling)
53
stroke symptoms
Sudden vision change, fleeting blindness Did it occur along with weakness? Did you have any loss of consciousness?
54
sequence for exam
``` Mental exam status Cranial nerves Motor system Sensory systems reflexes ```
55
ataxia
uncoordinated or unsteady gait

Health Assessment quiz 4 (6 decks)

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