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Health Assessment quiz 4 > Neurological > Flashcards

Neurological Flashcards

1
Q

segmentation

A

cutaneous distribution of the various spinal nerves

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2
Q

dermatome

A

circumscribed skin area that is supplied mainly from one spinal cord segment through a particular spinal nerve

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3
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

cranial and spinal nerves

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4
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

afferent

A

sensory, to CNS

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6
Q

efferent

A

motor, from CNS

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7
Q

cerebral cortex

A

highest functions, voluntary movements

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8
Q

What brain functions do you want to assess?

A

Sensation
Vision/hearing
Language comprehension
Aphasia

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9
Q

expressive aphasia

A

Broca’s aphasia

Difficulty conveying thoughts through speech and writing

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10
Q

receptive aphasia

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

Difficulty understanding spoken or written language

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11
Q

global aphasia

A

Excessive damage

Cannot speak or understand speech

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12
Q

anomic/amnesia aphasia

A

Least severe

Difficulty in using the correct names for particular objects, people, places, or events.

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13
Q

damage of cerebral cortex can produce

A

Loss of function (dependent on area affected)
Motor weakness
Paralysis
Loss of sensation (paresthesia)
Impaired ability to understand and process language

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14
Q

cerebellum

A

Motor coordination of voluntary movements
Equilibrium
Muscle tone
(all subconsciously)

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15
Q

sensory pathways

A

sensory fibers transmit/conduct sensations of: pain, temperature, crude or light touch (not precisely located), position, vibration, finely localized touch (e.g. can ID familiar object by touch—feeling and identifying a key in your hand with your eyes closed)

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16
Q

motor pathways

A

pyramidal tract: skilled and purposeful movement; extrapyramidal tract: more primitive motor system—maintains muscle tone, controls body movement such as walking

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17
Q

UMN

A

Upper motor neurons
Located in CNS
Diseases associated with - stroke, CP, MS

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18
Q

LMN

A

Lower motor neurons
Located in peripheral
Final direct contact with muscles, movement translated into action
Diseases associated with cranial and spinal nerves– spinal cord lesions, poliomyelitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

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19
Q

5 components of deep tendon reflex

A 
Intact sensory nerve (afferent)
A functional synapse at the cord
An intact motor nerve (efferent)
The neuromuscular junction
A competent muscle
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20
Q

autonomic/somatic function of PNS

A

Somatic: innervate the skeletal (voluntary) muscles
Autonomic: innervate smooth (involuntary) muscles, cardiac, and glands; mediates unconscious
activity

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21
Q

sensory nerves exit through

A

posterior/dorsal routes

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22
Q

motor nerves exit through

A

anterior/ventral roots

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23
Q

sensation in infant

A

Rudimentary, need strong stimulation to create a response

24
Q

aging adult

A 
Steady loss of neuron structure in brain and spinal cord
General loss of muscle bulk; loss of muscle tone in face, neck, around spine
Decreased muscle strength	
Impaired fine coordination and agility
Loss of sensation	
Pupillary changes
Reaction time slows
Touch, pain, taste, smell may diminish
25
Q

decreased cerebral blood flow and oxygen may cause

A

dizziness, loss of balance with position changes

26
Q

seizures- ask about

A

Aura: can be auditory, visual, or motor
Motor activity
Associated signs others noted you have
Post-ictal period: sleepy, confused, weakness, headache
Precipitating factors
Medications
Effect on daily life/quality of life

27
Q

tremors- ask about

A

precipitating and palliative factors

28
Q

paresis

A

Partial paralysis, weakness caused by nerve damage or disease.

29
Q

FAST

A

Face drooping
Arm weakness
Speech difficulty
Time to call 911

30
Q

Babinski reflex

A

Normal in infants only
Check of the plantar reflex [L4 – S2]—stroke sole of foot—if dorsiextension of big toe and fanning of other toes—positive Babinski reflex
Sign of UMN disease

31
Q

Glasgow coma scale

A

eye opening, verbal response, motor response

32
Q

neuro recheck

A

Level of consciousness
Motor coordination
Pupillary response
Vital signs

33
Q

test for sensation

A 
Pain
   Light touch
   Vibration
   Position
   Tactile discrimination (fine touch)
   Stereognosis- put object in hand
   Graphesthesia- write number on hand
   Two-point discrimination
   Extinction
   Point location
34
Q

clonus

A

Is repeated reflex muscular movements. A hyperactive reflex with sustained clonus occurs with UMN disease.

35
Q

hyperreflexia

A

exaggerated reflex occuring with UMN lesions (stroke)

36
Q

hyporeflexia

A

absence of a reflex, LMN problem- interruption of sensory afferents or destruction of motor efferents and anterior horn cells (spinal cord injury)

37
Q

flaccidity

A

decreased muscle tone or hypotonia; muscle feels limp, soft and flabby

38
Q

spasticity

A

increased tone hypertonia; increased resistance to passive strengthening, clasp-knife phenomenon

39
Q

rigidity

A

constant state of resistance, resists passive movement in any direction; dystonia

40
Q

Cogwheel rigidity

A

Type of rigidity in which the increased tone is released by degrees during passive range of motion so it feels like small, regular jerks

41
Q

Warning signs of Alzheimer’s

A 
Memory loss
Losing track
Forgetting words
Getting lost
Poor judgement
Abstract failing
Losing things
Mood swings
Personality change
Growing passive
42
Q

paralysis

A

decrease or loss of motor power caused by problem with motor nerve or muscle fibers

43
Q

causes of paralysis

A

acute- trauma, spinal cord injury, stroke, poliomyelitis, polyneuritis, Bell’s palsy

chronic- muscular dystrophy, diabetic neuropathy, multiple sclerosis

episodic- myasthenia gravis

44
Q

paresis

A

weakness of muscles rather than paralysis

45
Q

fasciculation

A

rapid, continuous twitching of resting muscle or part of muscle without movement of limb

46
Q

myoclonus

A

rapid, sudden jerk or a short series of jerks at fairly regular intervals. Severe with grand mal seizures

47
Q

tic

A

involuntary, compulsive, repetitive twitching of a muscle group r/t neurological cause (tardive dyskinesias, Tourette’s) or psychogenic cause (habit tic)

48
Q

chorea

A

sudden, rapid, jerky, purposeless movement involving limbs, trunk or face. Occurs at irregular intervals, more convulsive than a tic.

49
Q

athetosis

A

slow, twisting, writhing, continuous movement, resembling a snake or worm. Involves the distal more than the proximal part of the limb.

50
Q

four types of reflexes

A

(1) deep tendon reflexes - patellar, e.g.
(2) superficial - corneal or abdominal reflex
(3) visceral (organic) - pupillary response to light & accommodation
(4) pathologic - Babinski reflex

51
Q

dysmetria

A

inability to control the distance, power and speed of a muscular action

52
Q

parathesia

A

abnormal sensation (burning, tingling)

53
Q

stroke symptoms

A

Sudden vision change, fleeting blindness
Did it occur along with weakness?
Did you have any loss of consciousness?

54
Q

sequence for exam

A 
Mental exam status
Cranial nerves
Motor system
Sensory systems
reflexes
55
Q

ataxia

A

uncoordinated or unsteady gait

Health Assessment quiz 4 (6 decks)

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