Anus/Rectum/Prostate Flashcards
internal sphincter
under involuntary control by the autonomic nervous system
external sphincter
surrounds the internal sphincter, under voluntary control
prostate
2 cm behind symphysis pubis
Surrounds bladder neck and urethra
Secretes thin, milky alkaline fluid that helps sperm viability
sigmoid colon
S-shaped course in pelvic cavity from iliac flexure of descending colon and ends at rectum
40 cm long
gastrocolic reflex
After eating- wave of peristalsis, voiding shortly after eating
control of sphincter
not achieved until 1.5-2 years
male puberty
prostate gland- rapid increase to greater than twice its prepubertal size
Who is more at risk for prostate cancer?
African Americans and men whose first-degree relatives relatives had prostate cancer
Starts younger in African Americans and grows faster than other racial/ethnic groups
risk for prostate cancer
Men who have three or more family members with prostate cancer is about ten times
How is prostate cancer detected?
prostatic specific antigen (PSA)
and/or
digital rectal exam (DRE)
hemorrhoid
Flabby skin sac, thromboses hemorrhoid is shiny and blue
fistula
small, round opening in anal area
black, tarry stool with malodor
upper GI bleeding
black, non-tarry stool
may be due to ingesting iron or bismuth preparation
gray, tan stool
absence of bile pigment
pale, yellow, greasy stool
increased fat content, Steatorrhea
dyschezia
pain due to local condition (hemorrhoid, fissure) and constipation
early detection for cancer
DRE performed annually after age 50
fecal occult blood test annually after age 50
sigmoidoscopy every 5 years or colonoscopy every 10 years after age 50 (45 for African Americans)
information about PSA blood test annually for men older than 50 years or African American men beginning at age 45 years
encopresis
persistent passing of stools into clothing in a child older than 4 years, at which age continence would be expected
colorectal cancer
20% higher for African Americans
Rome III criteria for constipation
3 or less stools per week
straining
lumpy or hard stools
incomplete evacuation
risks for constipation
older age women inactivity low calorie or low fiber diet low income/educational level
pilonidal cyst
located in the midline over the coccyx or lower sacrum. Opens as a dimple with visible tuft of hair and possibly an erythematous halo. Advanced- palpable sinus tract.
First diagnosed between 15-30 years.
anorectal fistula
Chronically inflamed GI tract (Crohn disease, local irrigation) creates an abnormal passage from inner anus or rectum out to skin surrounding anus, may result from local abscess.
The red, raised tract opening may drain serosanguineous or purulent matter when pressure is applied.
May heal with warm bath, high-fiber and analgesics.
