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MNTLec > Neurological > Flashcards

Neurological Flashcards

1
Q

Individuals with tremors

A

High REE
High intake - increase needs

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2
Q
  • Transmission of information
  • Basic functioning unit of the neurological system
A

Neurons

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3
Q

body of the neuron

A

Soma

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4
Q

transmits outgoing signals to other neurons

A

Axon

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5
Q

branch, assist in transmitting impulses

A

Dendrites

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6
Q

secretes neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, nor/epinephrine, gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)

A

Axon terminals

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7
Q

covers and serves as insulators of axons

A

Myelin Sheath

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8
Q

space or gap between the nerve cells which neurotransmitter pass

A

Synapse

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9
Q

2 Parts of Neurological System

A

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

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10
Q

Brain and Spinal cord

A

Central

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11
Q

nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord - Facial nerves, nerves on the fingers

A

Peripheral

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12
Q

Largest region of the brain divided into left and right hemispheres

A

Cerebrum

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13
Q

Balance, posture, coordination and muscle function, muscle coordination

located at the back of the head

A

Cerebellum

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14
Q

involves the thalamus and Hypothalamus found between the cerebrum and midbrain

A

Diencephalon

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15
Q

motor control direct sensory impulses to the cerebrum

A

Thalamus

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16
Q

involves tha autonomic nervous system (uncrontrollable) - Thirst, appetite, sleep, temperature control, urine output

A

Hypothalamus

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17
Q

below the cerebrum and responsible for eye and auditory functionality

A

Midbrain

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18
Q

below the midbrain and responsible for chewing, tasting, and saliva production

A

Pons

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19
Q

bottom of the brainstem and connects to the spinal cord

A

Medulla Oblongata

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20
Q

Regulates heart and blood vessel function

Involves digestion, respiration, swallowing, coughing, sneezing and
bp control

Known for the center for respiration

A

Medulla Oblongata

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21
Q

thinking, planning, emotion

Reasoning and thoughts

A

Frontal lobe

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22
Q

pain, touch, taste, temperature, pressure, math and logic

Integrates sensory information

A

Parietal lobe

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23
Q

hearing, auditory, memory, emotions

A

Temporal lobe

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24
Q

visual information, damage may cause blindness

A

Occipital lobe

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25
Q

emotional, sexual aspects, memory

A

Limbic

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26
Q

link between the brain and the nerves in the rest of the body

A

Spinal cord

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27
Q

4 regions of Spinal cord

A

Cervical
thoracic
lumbar
spinal nerves

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28
Q

carries information from the body to the brain

A

Afferent

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29
Q

involves information from the brain to the body

A

Efferent

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30
Q

carries message forward to CNS and outward CNS to muscle (action)
Voluntary muscle movement

A

Somatic

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31
Q

involuntary functions of the body.

A

Autonomic

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32
Q

prepares body for action in a very fast manner; fight or flight

A

Sympathetic

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33
Q

controls GI, cardiac, respiratory system

A

Parasymphatetic

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34
Q
  • recurrent seizures (spontaneous, uncontrolled electrical activity among cerebral neurons)
  • Seizures are due to the great disturbance in the electrical functions of the brain
  • Due to neurological infection, post traumatic injury, vehicular accidents, genetics, brain damage, stroke
A

Epilepsy

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35
Q

Results of Epilepsy

A

impairment of physical functions, loss of consciousness, change in the ability to perceive sensory information

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36
Q

Epilepsy can happen across

A

All ages from birth to elderly

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37
Q

Muscle rigidity, pupil dilation, loss of consciousness

A

Tonic phase

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38
Q

Uncoordinated, head racking

A

Clonic phase

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39
Q
  • involves 2 seizures
  • Intense seizures that are frightening to experience and observe
  • There is an extreme muscle spasm and may have temporary arrest
A

Grand mal seizure

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40
Q

Absence seizure

Seizure may only last for 20 seconds

A

Petit mal

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41
Q

Medication for Epileptic patients Phenytoin can affect ____ metabolism

  • Need for supplementation of folate or increase intake
A

Folate

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42
Q

is designed for epileptic in the year 1923 which involves LCT

A

Ketogenic Classic

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43
Q

Can produce ketones more easily than LCT

A

MCT

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44
Q

Target KD Ratio

A

3:1 or 4:1 (Fat: CHO+CHON)

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45
Q

acts to change the balance of neurotransmitters resulting to an anticonvulsant effect (because of the balance of the neurotransmitters)

A

Ketone bodies

46
Q

Blockage of blood flow = interruption of activity

A

Stroke/CVA

47
Q

obstruction of arteries

A

Ischemic

48
Q

vessel burst and releases blood into brain tissue.

A

Hemorrhage

49
Q

weakened area of a wall of a blood vessel, can burst any time

A

Aneurysm

50
Q

Without blood supply, necrosis occurs within 4-__minutes due to lack of oxygen and glucose

A

10

51
Q
  • Maintain adequate nutrition
  • Assess and manage dysphagia
  • Sodium and Fat restricted
  • Vitamin and mineral supplementation
    Enteral nutrition support
A

MNT for Stroke

52
Q

Why is sodium and fat restricted in stroke patients

A

Because there is an obstruction (sodium can cause blood pressure and fat can contribute to the build up of plaque)

53
Q

Neuromuscular, neurodegenerative disease caused by DOPAMINE producing cells.

  • Loss of dopamine
  • Resuts to imbalance of neurotransmitter which can cause symptoms:
    Rigidity in the back
    Tremors
    Stoop posture
A

Parkinson’s Disease

54
Q

Provide excitatory (dopamine) and inhibitory (gaba) for slow coordinated movement

  • Normal muscle tone and normal structure
A

Neurotransmitter

55
Q

Bradykinesia (slowed movement)

A

Manifestation of Parkinsons

56
Q

provides precursor for dopamine

a large neutral amino acid (LNAA), enters cells via a saturable transport system used by other LNAAs including leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, isoleucine, and valine

A

Levodopa

57
Q

B6 cofactor for dopa decarboxylase

A

enzymes needed for the conversion of L dopa to dopamine

58
Q

Nutrient drug interaction of Levodopa

A

Avoid high protein meals because it may reduce transport because they have the same transport proteins

59
Q

stimulates dopamine production

A

Dopamine Antagonist

60
Q

MNT for Parkinsons

A
  • Frequent snacks
  • Nutrient dense foods
  • Nutrition supplements
61
Q

What does ALS mean

A

Amyotrophic
Lateral Sclerosis/
Lou Gehrig’s Disease

62
Q
  • Progressive neurological disease that causes destruction of the motor neurons of the NS.
  • is characterized by dysphagia, dysarthria (slurred speech), loss of limb function, and respiratory failure as result of degeneration of motor neurons
A

Amyotrophic
Lateral Sclerosis/
Lou Gehrig’s Disease

63
Q

Excessive salivation

A

Sialorrhea

64
Q

(ALS) AAN: nut assessment every

A

3 months

65
Q

Prevent malnutrition and dehydration
Monitor dysphagia
Preventing malnutrition in ALS has positive impact on survival and QoL.

A

MNT for ALS

66
Q

greater effort of breathing, imbalances of functional mitochondria, inc. cytokine leukocyte production, frequent infections and activation of autonomic nervous system

A

Hypermetabolism

67
Q
  • Progressive neuromuscular disorder that affects skeletal muscles.
  • Autoimmune reaction damages/destroys cellular receptors of acetylcholine (excitatory receptor)
  • Immune system produce antibodies that blocks or destroys receptor sites for acetylcholine
A

Myasthenia Gravis

68
Q

drooping of one or both eyelids

A

Ptosis

69
Q

Double Vision

A

Diplopia

70
Q

✓ Provide nutritionally dense food at beginning of meal

  • Make most of the opportunity
  • The patient may experience fatigue

✓ Small frequent meals

✓ Limit physical activity before meals

A

MNT for Myasthenia Gravis

71
Q

Demyelination of cells within the CNS, inflammation and development of scar tissue causing numbness, tingling, incoordination (ataxia), weakness and varying degrees of blindness.

  • Involves organs from head to toes
  • Scarring tissue
  • Incoordinated movements (Ataxia)
  • Can cause permanent damage or deterioration of the nerves
A

Multiple Sclerosis

72
Q
  • Antioxidant supplementation
  • Possible linoleic acid (omega 3) supplementation and restriction in saturated fat
  • Evaluate health and vitamin D status
    Nutrition support in advance stages
  • Distribute fluids throughout waking hours; limit before bed
A

MNT for Multiple Sclerosis

73
Q

Why do you need to limit fluid before bed in MS

A

The symptoms can also affect the urinary tract so it involves frequent urination or incontinence

74
Q

Loss of memory

A

Dementia

75
Q

formation of amyloid plaques in the brain and neurofibrillary tangles within neurons

A

Alzheimer’s

76
Q

Early onset of dementia

A

(30-60 years old)

77
Q

Late onset of dementia

A

(>65 years old)

78
Q

cannot verbally express preference

A

Aphasia

79
Q

cannot manipulate utensils, food w/in the mouth, cannot swallow

A

Apraxia

80
Q

cannot recognize utensils or food

A

Agnosia

81
Q

forgets having eating, does not recognize the need to eat

A

Amnesia

82
Q

lack of desire to eat

A

Anorexia

83
Q

protects dendrites against neuronal deficit and prevents development of the disease

A

an essential fatty acid DHA (N-3)

84
Q

skull not fractured, brain-tissue trauma

A

Closed injuries

85
Q

fractured skull

A

Open injuries

86
Q

Results to SIRS (systemic inflammatory response)
- Hypercatabolism
- Hyperglycemia
- insulin resistance
- inc. gluconeogenesis
- inc. lipolysis

A

Traumatic brain injury

87
Q

Aggressive nutrition support – enteral nutrition

Increase as much as 130-160 of REE or 15-20% TER

A

MNT for TBI

88
Q

Involves the body, mood and thoughts.

A

Depression

89
Q

is associated with an increased risk of depression.

A

The Western dietary pattern

90
Q

A dietary pattern characterized by a high consumption of red and/or processed meat, refined grains, sweets, high-fat dairy products, butter, potatoes and high-fat gravy, and low intakes of fruits and vegetables is associated with

A

an increased risk of depression.

91
Q

was associated with a significantly lower risk of developing depressive symptoms.

A

A healthy diet (the Mediterranean diet as an example)

92
Q

A dietary pattern characterized by a high intakes of fruit, vegetables, whole grain, fish, olive oil, low-fat dairy and antioxidants and low intakes of animal foods was apparently associated with

A

a decreased risk of depression.

93
Q

inability of the brain to control the muscles, even though the muscles themselves and the nerves connecting them to the spinal cord are normal

a disorder of motor control or coordination resulting from injury to the brain during its early development.

A

Cerebral palsy

94
Q

limited movement

A

Spastic

95
Q

uncontrolled movement

A

Athetoid

96
Q

Affected 2 limbs

  • one side of the body is affected, arm is more involved than leg
A

Hemiplegia

97
Q

Affected 4 limbs

  • legs are more involved than arms
A

Diplegia

98
Q

Affected 4 limbs

A

quadriplegia

99
Q

1 limb affected

involved limb is the arm

A

monoplegia

100
Q

3 limbs affected

both arms and one leg

A

triplegia

101
Q

5 limbs affected
all four limbs the head
and the neck

A

Pentaplegia

102
Q

have low activity; 1,200 kcal/day

A

Splastics

103
Q

may increase the need in as much as 6,000 kcal/day.

A

if with constant movement

104
Q

may occur if needs are not met.

A

Growth retardation

105
Q

If the affected individual is non-ambulatory, ___ kcal/cm will be needed

A

11.1

106
Q

while ambulatory may require ___ kcal/cm.

A

13.9

107
Q

Throbbing pain localized in one area

A

Migraine

108
Q

Maintain adequate dietary and fluid intake

Low tyramine diet

No to age fermented or stored for long periods of time

A

MNT for Migraine

109
Q

chronic psychiatric disorder
Includes hallucinations, delusions, illogical thinking

A

Schizoprenia

110
Q

increase intake of omega 3 fats to __ g per dya in psychiatric patients

A

1-3

MNTLec (4 decks)

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