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MNTLec > Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

cells that are actively forming cartilage

  • Actively secrete and surround themselves with gel like matrix until they become trapped in cavities (lacunae)
A

Chondroblasts

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2
Q

cells surrounded by cartilage
- Enclosed chondroblasts in lacunae

A

Chondrocytes

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3
Q

flexible yet firm connective tissue

A

Cartilage

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4
Q

__% calcium
__% phosphate
__% carbonate

A

37-40
50-58
2-8

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5
Q

process in which the cartilage is formed from condensed mesenchymal tissue which can differentiate chondrocyte and fibrin secreting molecules from the exocellular matrix

A

Chondrification or chondrogenesis

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6
Q

group of cells and cell products that collectively form bone.

  • Another term for bone tissue
A

Osseous tissue

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7
Q

stem cells capable of differentiating into osteoblasts; active during childhood (period of growth and development) and activated in response to injury

A

Osteogenic cells

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8
Q

bone building cells

A

Osteoblasts

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9
Q

Osteoblast Communication is the secretion of

A

Cytokines

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10
Q

Collagen type 1 - __%
Osteocalcin and other minerals - __%

A

90
10

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11
Q

mature osteoblasts

A

Osteocytes

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12
Q

bone removing cells, secretes HCl to dissolve mineral component of bone matrix (bone/mineral resorption=dissolved minerals are released into the blood)

A

Osteoclasts

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13
Q

Osteoclast Communication is secretion of

A

enzyme

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14
Q

growth of the skeleton until the mature height is achieved

A

Bone modeling

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15
Q

Bone modeling Typically completed during

A

Puberty

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16
Q

Bone modeling completed in girls in the age

A

16-18

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17
Q

Bone modeling completed in boys in the age

A

18-20

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18
Q

formation exceeds the resorption; reached by 30 years of age

A

Peak Bone Mass

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19
Q

bone is resorbed continuously through the action of the osteoclasts and reformed through the action of the osteoblasts.

A

Bone remodeling

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20
Q

Bone mass is dependent on the

A

Diet and PA

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21
Q

Protein
Calcium
Vitamin D
Overweight/Obesity
Malnutrition

A

Importance of Nutrition

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22
Q
  • most common
  • characterized by loss of bone mass
  • compromised bone strength and
  • increased susceptibility to fracture
A

Osteoporosis

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23
Q

Postmenopausal osteoporosis

  • There is an estrogen adrogen deficient
  • Loss of trabecular bone tissue
  • Cessation ovarian production of estrogen
A

Type 1

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24
Q

Senile osteoporosis

Age related osteoporosis occurs approximately at the age of 70 and beyond

A

Type 2

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25
Q

distinguished in general by sex, the age at which fractures occur, and the kinds of bone involved

A

Primary

26
Q

drug or disease process causes loss of bone tissue

A

Secondary

27
Q

affect vitamin D metabolism which can lead to bone loss

A

Cortecosteroids

28
Q

low BMD but not low enough to meet criterion for osteoporosis

A

Osteopenia

29
Q

Normal BMD

A

-1.0 or greater

30
Q

Osteopenia

A

Between -1.0 and -2.5

31
Q

Osteoporosis

A

-2.5 or less

32
Q

Severe osteoporosis

A

-2.5 or less and fragility structure

33
Q

are essential for normal bone structure and function.

A

Adequate calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D

34
Q

being underweight is considered a risk factor for osteoporosis,

whereas being overweight may be

A

protective

35
Q

does not have a direct impact on bone. Rather inadequate energy intake leading to lower body weight or too many protein leading to overweight have effects on bone.

A

Energy intake

36
Q

may negatively effect bone turn over and development especially if theres a surgery, we opt to have higher protein in order to compensate with the loss

A

A very low protein intake

37
Q

requires acids to make Ca more soluble and absorbable.

  • Interferes with absoprtion of iron
    most common and
  • needs acid to be most soluble and absorbable
    Hiwalay sa iron
A

Calcium carbonate

38
Q
  • does not interfere with iron
  • Common binibigay sa elderly
  • Does not require acidic environment
  • Does not further reduce the acidity of the stomach
A

Calcium citrates

39
Q

Absorption is enhanced in small doses ___ mg

A

<500mg

40
Q

poor in nutrient value but often high in phosphate content.

A

Softdrinks

41
Q

increases Ca losses and Vit.D, increases risk of trauma

A

Excessive alcohol intake

42
Q

Insufficient mineralization of the organic matrix of bone, due to Vit. D deficiency.

A

Rickets and Osteomalacia

43
Q

Bowed leg

A

Rickets

44
Q

Foods which contains Vitamin D

A

Egg yolk
Fatty fish: salmon, mackerel, tuna
Liver
Oil
Mushroom

45
Q

Drugs that can accelerate hepatic breakdown of Vit. D (Loss):

A

Phenytoin
Phenobarbital
Rifampin

46
Q

Localized, progressive, often crippling disorder of bone remodeling resulting from overactive osteoclasts that cause rapid bone resorption followed by rapid formation of new bone

A

Paget Disease

47
Q

Obesity may be a risk factor

A

Inflammatory arthritis.

48
Q

Risk factors:
Overweight and obesity
Joint injuries
Infections
Family history
Age
Females

A

Arthritic conditions

49
Q

is also an important source of interleukin-6(Il-6), and since Il6 stimulates the hepatic production of C-reactive protein (CRP), positive correlation has been shown between CRP levels and abdominal obesity.

A

Adipose tissue

50
Q

is an inflammatory marker formed in interleukin 6

A

CRP

51
Q

Condition involving progressive loss of articular cartilage and inflammation of the tissues composing the joint, resulting in joint pain, stiffness and limited joint movement.

A

Ostheoarthritis

52
Q

To reduce joint pain and inflammation

To maintain joint mobility and minimize disability

Non Pharmacologic Treatment:
Improving posture
Proper footwear
Weight reduction as needed
Rest of affected joint
Application of heat
Physical activity

A

Management of OA

53
Q

(aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen cyclooxygenase 2)

A

NSAIDS

54
Q

nutritional supplement, amino sugar and raw material for synthesizing glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans (impt. constituents of articular cartilage)

A

Glucosamines

55
Q

Glucosamines are mostly from

A

Crustaceans

56
Q

nutritional supplement, a specific glycosaminoglycans found in the proteoglycans of articular cartilage

A

Chondroitin

57
Q

Chronic inflammatory disease which synovial fluid of the joint becomes inflamed, resulting to swelling, stiffness, pain, limited range of motion, joint deformity and disability

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

58
Q

Inflammatory disease resulting in swelling.

Redness, heat, pain and stiffness of the affected joint.

Occurs when serum concentration of uric acid becomes elevated, uric acid crystals begin to precipitate in the synovial fluid causing inflammatory response.

A

Gout

59
Q

Keeping uric acid below ____ helps to reduce your chance of having gout attack

A

6 mg/dL

60
Q

NDAP ___ of purine to have lower risk of having gout attack

A

100-150 mg/day

61
Q

Chronic musculoskeletal disorder characterized by widespread muscle pain, joint stiffness, disturbed sleep, fatigue, headache, cognitive and memory problems

A

Fibromyalgia

MNTLec (4 decks)

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