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MNTLec > CVD > Flashcards

CVD Flashcards

1
Q

Globally, heart and circulatory diseases killed an estimated ____ men and ____ women in 2019.

A

9.8 million and 9.2 million

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2
Q

The most common cardiovascular conditions

A

coronary (ischemic) heart disease, peripheral arterial (vascular) disease, and stroke

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3
Q

Blood vessels containing blood flowing to the heart (back to the heart)

A

Veins

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4
Q

BV containing blood from the heart (away)

A

Arteries

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5
Q

Head, neck, upper limbs (receives blood)

A

Superior Vena Cava

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6
Q

Trunk, lower, limbs, feet

A

Inferior Vena Cava

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7
Q

Keep blood moving in the right direction and not flow backwards

A

Valves

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8
Q

Average repeating contraction and relaxation of the heart.

A

0.8 second; 75 bpm

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9
Q

The pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels, especially the arteries.

A

Cardiac cycle

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10
Q

increased heart rate sometimes as fast as double normal

A

Fever (high temp)

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11
Q

Thicker blood

A

increased heart rate

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12
Q

larger heart and stronger, pumps a large volume, increased heart rate

A

Athlete

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13
Q

faster heart rate, defined in an adult person as more than 100 bpm

A

Tachycardia

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14
Q

Increase in Bpm for every degree fahrenheit

A

10 bpm

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15
Q

Increase in bpm in every degree celcius

A

18 bpm

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16
Q

slow heart rate, fewer than 60 bpm

A

Bradycardia

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17
Q

Serious abnormality may affect heart health and may cause cardiac arrest

A

Tachycardia and Bradycardia

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18
Q

“Silent disease”
Hardening of the arteries Thickening of the blood vessel walls specifically caused by the presence of plaque (LDL, cholesterol, Ca, fibrin)

A

Atherosclerosis

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19
Q

build up, type of arteriosclerosis (plaque)

A

Atherosclerosis

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20
Q

stiffness

A

Arteriosclerosis

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21
Q

Insufficient blood flow

A

Ischemia

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22
Q

necrosis and tissue damage

A

Myocardial infarction

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23
Q

plaque formation in the endothelium in the artery wall.

A

Atherogenesis

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24
Q

result to production of less NITRIC OXIDE, blood vessel becomes more restricted, becomes more permeable allows LDL cholesterol to be taken up by macrophages which then accumulates and form foam cells and eventually an early lesion known as a fatty streak.
- Initiate atherosclerosis
- reversible

A

Endothelial dysfunction

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25
Q

blood clot formation within the artery → obstruction of blood flow

A

Thrombosis

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26
Q

blood clot or air bubble, that travels in the blood → obstruction

A

Embolus

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27
Q

the obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus, causing sudden tissue death.

A

Embolism

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28
Q

necrosis of the myocardial cells as a result of oxygen deprivation.

A

Myocardial Infarction

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29
Q

general term for all causes of heart disease characterized by narrowing of vessels supplying blood to the heart

A

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

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30
Q

clotting in the leg

A

Deep vein thrombosis

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31
Q

occurs if plaque builds up in the major arteries that supply oxygen-rich blood to your legs, arms, and pelvis.

A

Peripheral artery disease

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32
Q

atherosclerotic heart disease of all vessels except specific coronary vessels (plaque formation of vessel)

A

Peripheral Vascular Disease

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33
Q

oxygen deprivation of the brain, stroke

A

Cerebrovascular Accident

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34
Q

impairment of the ventricles’ capacity to eject blood from the heart or fill with blood.

A

Congestive Heart Failure

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35
Q

Blood flow is directly proportional to the _____ and inversely proportional to ______

A

change in pressure, resistance to flow.

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36
Q

idiopathic, no known cause: LIFESTYLE

A

Primary/Essential Hypertension

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37
Q

from another primary problem (kidney, endocrine)

A

Secondary Hypertension

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38
Q

Long term regulation

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

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39
Q

Short term regulation

A

Baroreflex

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40
Q

peptide of 10 amino acids

A

Angiotensin I

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41
Q

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme

A

ACE

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42
Q

renin will be produced (RAAS will be signaled)

A

Drop in BP

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43
Q

peptide of 8 amino acids

A

Angiotensin II

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44
Q

sodium and water retention

A

Kidney

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45
Q

vasoconstriction

A

Heart

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46
Q

aldosterone secretion

A

Adrenal

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47
Q

signal thirst

A

Hypothalamus

48
Q

anti diuretic (water retention)

A

Pituitary

49
Q

narrowing

A

Blood vessel

50
Q

Prolonged use of RAAS

A

a lot of organs will be compromised

51
Q

vasodilator

A

Nitrous oxide

52
Q

Contracts

A

systolic

53
Q

Relax

A

Diastolic

54
Q

Normal BP

A

> 120/80

55
Q

Hypertension Stage 1

A

130-139 (s)
80-89 (d)

56
Q

Hypertension stage 2

A

> 140 (s)
90 (d)

57
Q

Blood pressure tends to rise in stepwise fashion according to the degree of obesity or magnitude of weight gain.

A

High BMI - high BP

58
Q

If the individual is taking hypertensive drugs, whatever the reading is, he or she is still ___

A

Hypertensive

59
Q

Hypertensive crisis

A

> 180

60
Q

Hypertension with still no damage in the organs

A

Urgency

61
Q

Hypertension where there is a damage on the organs

A

Emergency

62
Q

The goals of treatment for hypertension are:

A

reduction in the risk of cardiovascular and renal disease

63
Q

Dec. blood volume by increasing urinary output

A

Diuretics (Furosemide, hydrochorothiazide)

64
Q

Affect the movement of calcium, Cause blood vessels to relax , reduce vasoconstriction

A

Calcium Channel blockers (Nisoldipine, Niedipine, Bepridil, Diltiazem, Verapamil)

65
Q

Vasodilators that reduce BP by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance interfering with the production of angiotensin II from angiotensin I inhibiting degradation of bradykin

A

ACE inhibitors (Captopril. Benazepril, etc. PRIL)

66
Q

interferes with RAAS without inhibiting bradykin

A

Angiotensin II Receptor blockers ( Candersartan, eprosartan, etc. TAN)

67
Q

Blocks vascular muscle response, reduces stroke volume

A

Alpha andragenic blockers (Alfuzosin, Terazosin, ETC. SIN)

68
Q

Vasodilation

A

Nitrate (Nitroglycerin)

69
Q

Blocks beta receptors, decrease cardiac output

A

Beta-1 blocker (Metropolol, ETC. OL)

70
Q

interrupt aldosterone, increases sodium and water excretion

A

Aldosterone antagonists (Spironolactone)

71
Q

Increase strength of heart contractions

A

Digitalis (Digoxin)

72
Q

Interrupts prothrombin

A

Fibrinolytic therapy (Heparin, Alteplase, Reteplase)

73
Q

Stimulate heart rate, increase contractions

A

Positive inotropic drugs (Dopamine, Milrinone)

74
Q

important not only for treating high BP but also for preventing it.

A

Lifestyle Modification

75
Q

Wt reduction to maintain a BMI of normal

A

5-20 mmhg/10kg

76
Q

DASH eating plan

A

8-14 mmhg

77
Q

intake below 2.4 g sodium

A

2-8 mmhg

78
Q

Aerobic activity for 30 mins most days a week

A

4-9 mmhg

79
Q

Men: >2 drinks
Women: >1 drink

A

2-4 mmhg

80
Q

9.2 kg weight loss

A

6.3/3.1 mmHg

81
Q

Weight reduction along with reduced waist circumference and visceral/abdominal obesity

A

priority goals in development of nutrition therapy interventions.

82
Q

Intake of less than ___mg of Na (___g NaCl)

A

2300, 6

83
Q

Moderate restriction

A

3-4 g/day (7.5-10 g of salt)

84
Q

Table salt is a combination of ___% sodium and ___% chloride

A

40% sodium, 60% chloride

85
Q

DV or less of sodium per serving is considered low

A

5%

86
Q

DV or more of sodium per serving is considered high Daily value: 2,300 mg

A

20%

87
Q

significant reduction with a significant reduction in CHD risk

A

Moderate alcohol consumption

88
Q

Positively correlated with reduction of BP
PROPOSED MECHANISMS:
Natriuretic effect
Inhibition of renin release
Antagonism of the pressor response to angiotensin II
Direct vasodilation
Augmentation of endothelium-dependent vasodilation
Decreased production of vasoconstrictor thromboxane
Increased production of kallidin (vasodilator)

A

Potassium

89
Q

INVERSE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN DIETARY CALCIUM INTAKE AND BP

Natriuretic effect
PTH results to vasoconstriction
Decreased Ca influx into vascular smooth muscle cells
Modulation of sympathetic nervous system activity

A

Calcium

90
Q

Decreases vascular tone and contractility

A

Magnesium

91
Q

is associated with resistance to insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and enhanced vascular contractility.

A

Magnesium deficiency

92
Q

Reduces all forms of CVD

A

Smoking Cessation

93
Q

Moderate intensity Aerobic

A

150 mins/week

94
Q

Muscle strengthening

A

2 days/ week

95
Q

Heart disease characterized by inadequate blood supply to the heart
Used interchangeably with CAD

A

Ischemic Heart Disease

96
Q

ymptom characterized by chest pain associated by oxygen deficit to the heart (stable, unstable)

A

Angina

97
Q

substernal pain experienced when the workload of the heart is increased due to physical activity or emotional stress

A

Stable angina

98
Q

pain not associated with increased work load

A

Unstable angina

99
Q

TIA

A

Transient Ischemic Attacks (“mini-stroke”)

100
Q

angina that occurs with strenuous or rapid or prolonged exertion at work or recreation, but not with ordinary physical activity.

A

Class I

101
Q

angina that slightly limits ordinary activity only during the first few hours after awakening; or with walking more than two blocks on level ground and climbing more than one flight of ordinary stairs at a normal pace and in normal conditions.

A

Class II

102
Q

marked limitation of ordinary physical activity such that angina is precipitated by walking one or two blocks on level ground, climbing one flight of stairs in normal conditions and at normal pace, playing a musical instrument, performing household chores, gardening, vacuuming, walking a dog, or taking out the trash.

A

Class III

103
Q

inability to carry on any physical activity without discomfort; anginal syndrome may be present at rest.

A

Class IV

104
Q

Heart attack
- results in irreversible damage to the heart muscle due to a lack of oxygen.
- may lead to impairment in diastolic and systolic function and make the patient prone to arrhythmias.
- due to decreased blood flow (because of ischemia/CAD)

A

Myocardial Infarction

105
Q

Post MI: decreased oral intake (pain, anxiety, fatigue, shortness of breath)
Clear liquid w/o caffeine
Liquid to Soft with SFF
TLC

A

MNT for Myocardial Infarction

106
Q

Can be used interchangeably with PVD

Occlusion of blood flow in non coronary arteries

Restriction of blood flow
Can result to ulceration of the lower leg

A

Peripheral Artery Disease

107
Q

pain in arms and legs due to inadequate blood flow to the muscles

A

Claudication

108
Q

Failure of the ventricles or to fill it to eject blood

Represents the end stage of all forms of CVD

A

Heart Faillure

109
Q

Sodium restriction
To promote rest, control edema, control body weight, correct nutrient deficient, and prevent severe malnutrition.

2-3 grams/ day depending on the severity (sodium)

Fluid restriction
<2L if hyponatremia is present (<130mEq/L) and if with fluid retention
1-2 L/day

Nutritional supplementation

A

MNT for Heart Faillure

110
Q

increases risk and mortality and morbidity (HF)

A

Ephedra and ephedrine

111
Q

Severe weight loss caused by severe heart failure

A

Cardiac cachexia

112
Q

new route for blood to flow around clogged arteries

A

CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTS (CABG)

113
Q

compressing plaque against the artery wall

A

PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY (PTCA)

114
Q

<55 y/old

A

CARDIAC TRANSPLANT

115
Q

Left part of the Heart and Pulmonary edema

A

Left side heart failure

116
Q

Edema on the superior or inferior vena cava

A

Right side heart failure

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