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Radiologic Pathology > Neurologic Disorder > Flashcards

Neurologic Disorder Flashcards

Finals Lecture 1

1
Q

refers to anything related to the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

A

term “neurologic” (or neurological)

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2
Q

responsible for controlling and coordinating bodily functions, from basic reflexes to complex cognitive processes.

A

Nervous System

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3
Q

These are conditions that affect the nervous system, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and multiple sclerosis

A

Neurologic disorders

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4
Q

A medical assessment to evaluate the function of the nervous system, including motor skills, reflexes, and sensory function.

A

Neurologic examination

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4
Q

Signs or complaints related to nerve function, such as headaches, dizziness, weakness, or numbness.

A

Neurologic symptoms

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5
Q

NEUROLOGIC DISORDER
CONGENITAL AND HEREDITARY DISEASES

A
  1. Hydrocephalus
  2. Chiari Malformation
  3. Dandy-Walker Syndrome
  4. Lissencephaly (Smooth Brain)
  5. Spina Bifida
  6. Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1)
  7. Tuberous Sclerosis
  8. Leukodystrophies
  9. Friedreich’s Ataxia
  10. Spinocerebellar Ataxia (SCA)
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6
Q

is a condition characterized by the
buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles (cavities) of the brain.

A

Hydrocephalus

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7
Q

This fluid accumulation leads to increased intracranial pressure, which can cause brain swelling, damage, and developmental delays.

A

Hydrocephalus

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8
Q

is a structural defect in the cerebellum, where part of the cerebellum (usually the tonsils) extends into the spinal canal, potentially obstructing the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and leading to neurological problems

A

Chiari Malformation

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9
Q

is a rare congenital brain malformation involving the cerebellum and the fourth ventricle

A

Dandy-Walker Syndrome

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10
Q

is a rare condition where the brain fails to develop the normal folds and grooves, leading to a smooth brain

It is usually caused by abnormal neuronal migration during early fetal development.

A

Lissencephaly (Smooth Brain

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11
Q

a neural tube defect where the spinal cord and surrounding vertebrae fail to develop or close properly during early pregnancy, leading to incomplete development of the spinal column

A

Spina Bifida

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12
Q

most severe form, where spinal cord and meninges protrude

A

Myelomeningocele

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12
Q

Types of Spina Bifida

A

Spina bifida occulta
Meningocele
Myelomeningocele

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13
Q

protrusion of meninges but spinal cord intact

A

Meningocele

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14
Q

mildest form, often with no symptoms

A

Spina bifida occulta

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15
Q

is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the NF1 gene, leading to the growth of benign tumors (neurofibromas) along nerves and skin, and can also cause learning disabilities, skin changes, and skeletal abnormalities.

A

Neurofibromatosis type 1

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15
Q

is a rare genetic disorder that causes the growth of non-cancerous tumors (called hamartomas) in multiple organs, including the brain, kidneys, heart, lungs, and skin.

A

Tuberous sclerosis

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15
Q

a group of inherited disorders that affect the white matter of the brain, leading to deterioration of myelin, the protective covering of nerve fibers.

A

Leukodystrophies

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15
Q

an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the FXN gene, leading to the degeneration of the spinal cord and cerebellum.

A

Friedreich’s ataxia

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16
Q

a group of genetic disorders characterized by
progressive ataxia (lack of coordination and
balance) due to degeneration of the cerebellum and spinal cord.

A

Spinocerebellar Ataxia (SCA)

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17
Q

NEUROLOGIC DISORDER
INFLAMMATORY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES

A
  1. Multiple Sclerosis
  2. Neuromyelitis Optica
  3. Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
  4. Meningitis (Bacterial, Viral, Fungal)
  5. Encephalitis
  6. Brain Abscess
  7. Tuberculous Meningitis
  8. Cerebral Malaria
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17
Q

is a chronic, autoimmune, inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) where the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin (protective covering of nerve fibers), causing demyelination and nerve damage. This leads to a range of neurological symptoms.

A

Multiple Sclerosis

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18
Q

also known as Devic’s disease, is an autoimmune disorder that primarily affects
the optic nerves and spinal cord, leading to
inflammation and damage.

A

Neuromyelitis Optica

19
Q

is a rare, inflammatory condition that affects the brain and spinal cord, often following a viral infection or vaccination.
It involves widespread inflammation and
demyelination (loss of myelin) in the CNS.

A

Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)

20
Q

is the inflammation of the protective
membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by
bacterial, viral, fungal, or other pathogens.

A

Meningitis (Bacterial, Viral,
Fungal)

21
Q

is the inflammation of the brain caused by
infection, often by viruses (e.g., herpes
simplex virus, West Nile virus, Japanese
encephalitis virus)

A

Encephalitis

22
Q

is a localized collection of pus in the brain tissue due to infection

A

Brain Abscess

23
Q

It typically arises from a nearby infection (such as sinusitis, otitis media, or dental
infection) or due to bacterial spread from
other parts of the body via the bloodstream.

A

Brain Abscess

24
Q

is a form of meningitis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium responsible for tuberculosis (TB).

A

Tuberculous Meningitis

25
Q

It is a rare but serious complication of TB infection.

A

Tuberculous Meningitis

26
Q

is a severe complication of malaria, caused by the Plasmodium falciparum parasite, which infects red blood cells and can lead to cerebral involvement (brain malaria).
* It is a medical emergency.

A

Cerebral malaria

27
Q

NEUROLOGIC DISORDER
DEGENERATIVE DISEASES

A
  1. Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
  2. Parkinson’s Disease (PD)
  3. Huntington’s Disease (HD)
  4. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
  5. Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)
28
Q

is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects memory, thinking, and behavior.
* It is the most common cause of dementia in older adults.

A

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)

29
Q

It occurs due to the loss of dopamine-
producing neurons in the substantia nigra,
a region of the brain that controls movement.

A

Parkinson’s Disease (PD)

30
Q

is a progressive neurodegenerative
disorder that primarily affects movement

A

Parkinson’s Disease (PD)

31
Q

is a genetic, autosomal dominant
neurodegenerative disorder characterized
by the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain.
* It typically affects movement, cognition, and mood.

A

Huntington’s Disease (HD)

32
Q

also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease,

A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

33
Q

is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects motor neurons responsible for controlling voluntary muscles.
* This results in muscle weakness, atrophy, and eventual paralysis.

A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
(ALS)

34
Q

is a group of neurodegenerative disorders that primarily affect the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, areas involved in personality, behavior, and language.

A

Frontotemporal Dementia
(FTD)

35
Q

It is one of the leading causes of dementia in people under 65.

A

Frontotemporal Dementia
(FTD)

36
Q

NEUROLOGIC DISORDER
NEOPLASTIC DISEASES

A
  1. Gliomas
  2. Meningiomas
  3. Pituitary Tumors
  4. Medulloblastomas
  5. Schwannomas
  6. Intramedullary Tumors (arising within the spinal cord)
  7. Extramedullary Tumors (located outside the spinal
    cord but within the spinal canal)
37
Q

a group of brain tumors that originate from glial cells, which are the supportive cells of the nervous system. These tumors can develop in the brain or spinal cord and vary widely in terms of aggressiveness and prognosis

38
Q

are tumors that arise from the meninges, the protective layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
* They are typically benign but can be malignant in rare cases.

A

Meningiomas

38
Q

Types of Gliomas

A

Astrocytomas (arising from astrocytes),
* Oligodendrogliomas (from oligodendrocytes),
* Ependymomas (from ependymal cells).

39
Q

arise from the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland at the base of the brain.
These tumors can be benign (most common) or malignant and affect the production of various hormones.

A

Pituitary Tumors

40
Q

Types of Pituitary Tumors

A
  • Pituitary adenomas (the most common type),
  • Craniopharyngiomas (benign tumors that arise near the pituitary).
40
Q

are malignant brain tumors that typically arise in the cerebellum, the part of the brain responsible for coordination and balance.
* They are most common in children but can also occur in adults.

A

Medulloblastoma

41
Q

also called neurilemmomas) are benign tumors that develop from Schwann cells, which are responsible for producing the myelin sheath around peripheral nerves.

A

Schwannomas

42
Q

typically occur on cranial nerves (especially vestibulocochlear nerve, leading to acoustic
neuromas) or on spinal nerves.

A

Schwannomas

42
Q

are spinal cord tumors that develop within the spinal cord itself, typically arising from glial cells or neurons.

A

Intramedullary Tumors

43
Q

Types of Intramedullary Tumors

A
  • Ependymomas (from ependymal cells lining
    the spinal cord’s central canal),
  • Astrocytomas (from astrocytes).
43
Q

are spinal tumors that develop outside the spinal cord, typically in the meninges (covering of the spinal cord) or from nerve roots. They are often benign but can cause
significant symptoms due to compression of the spinal cord or nerves.

A

Extramedullary Tumors

44
Q

Types of Extramedullary Tumors

A
  • Meningiomas (benign tumors of the meninges),
  • Schwannomas (from Schwann cells of peripheral
    nerves),
  • Neurofibromas (benign tumors of nerve tissue).

Radiologic Pathology (4 decks)

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