Lesson 1: Introduction to Pathology Flashcards
The study of structural and functional manifestations of disease
PATHOLOGY
The study of disease that can cause abnormalities in the structure or
function of various organ systems.
PATHOLOGY
Study of various pathologic conditions and its effect on radiologic
procedures, techniques and overall radiographic image.
RADIOLOGIC PATHOLOGY
A disease is a particular abnormal condition that
negatively affects the structure or function of all or part of an
organism, and that is not due to any immediate external injury.
Diseases are often known to be medical conditions that are
associated with specific symptoms and signs.
DISEASE
The sequence of events producing cellular changes
that ultimately lead to observable changes.
PATHOGENESIS
Observable changes resulting from cellular changes in
the disease process.
MANIFESTATIONS
Is any objective evidence of a disease that can be
observed by others (for example a skin rash or lump)
SIGN
Is subjective, that is, apparent only to the patient (for
example back pain or fatigue)
SYMPTOM
Means there are no symptoms
ASYMPTOMATIC
A group of sign and symptoms that characterizes a specific
abnormal disturbance.
SYNDROME
The study of the cause of a disease
ETIOLOGY
Which has been acquired while the patient is in hospital.
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION
Those adverse responses that occur from medical treatment
itself.
IATROGENIC REACTIONS
Describe disease of unknown cause.
IDIOPATHIC
Usually have a quick onset and last a short period of
time.
ACUTE DISEASES
Present more slowly and last a very long time.
CHRONIC DISEASES
Determination of the diseases than an individual has.
DIAGNOSIS
The prediction of the course and outcome of the
disease
PROGNOSIS
The investigation of disease in large group
EPIDEMIOLOGY
The number of cases found in a given population
PREVALANCE
The number of new cases found in given population
INCIDENCE
Disease of high prevalence in an area where a given causative organism
ENDEMIC
A disease which simultaneously affects large numbers of people in a
community
EPIDEMIC
The rate of deaths caused by a particular disease averaged over a
population
MORTALITY RATE
The incidence of sickness sufficient to interfere with an individual’s normal
daily routine
MORBIDITY RATE
Ratio of sick to well persons in a given area
MORBIDITY RATE
Ratio of actual deaths to expected death from a given disease
MORTALITY RATE
A birth defect, also known as a _ disorder, is a condition present at birth
regardless of its cause. Birth defects may result in disabilities that may be physical,
intellectual, or developmental.
CONGENITAL DISEASE
Common congenital disorders
• cleft lip and cleft palate
• cerebral palsy
• Fragile X syndrome
• Down syndrome
• spina bifida
• cystic fibrosis
• heart conditions
Diseases that are present at birth and result from genetic or environmental factors
CONGENITAL DISEASE
Most birth defects are caused by _ & _ factors
or a combination of the two (multifactoria
genetic or environmental
caused by too few or too many
chromosomes, or problems in the structure of the
chromosomes, such as Down syndrome and extra copy of
chromosome 21 and sex chromosome abnormalities
Chromosomal defects
Genetic or inherited causes
- Chromosomal defects
- Single gene defects
- Dominant inheritance
- Recessive inheritance
caused by a combination of genes and environmental exposures.
In other words, a person can inherit a gene that
bincreases sensitivity to an environmental trigger.
Examples include cleft lip or palate, certain heart
defects, and neural tube defects.
Multifactorial birth defects
can include a drug, alcohol
or a disease the mother has that can increase the
chance for the baby to be born with a birth defect.
environmental cause
It is a disease or disorder that is inherited genetically. These diseases are transmitted in the same family. The chromosomes in the humans
are responsible for passing the traits from the parent to the offspring.
HEREDITARY DISEASE
genetic abnormality present on the sex chromosome
SEX-LINKED
genetic abnormality present on one of the other 22
chromosomes
AUTOSOMAL INHERITANCE
Transmitted by a single gene from either parent
DOMINANT INHERITANCE-
Transmitted by both parents to an offspring
RECESSIVE INHERITANCE-
a
hereditary disease caused by
mutations in one of the genes that
encode the hemoglobin protein. Red
blood cells with the abnormal
hemoglobin protein take on a sickle
shape. The disease leads to
chronic anemia and significant
damage to the heart, lungs and
kidneys.
SICKLE CELL DISEASES
is
caused by a gene mutation that
affects the cells that produce mucus,
sweat, and digestive juices. The
mucus becomes thick and sticky,
causing severe damage to the
respiratory, digestive and
reproductive systems.
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) is a fatal genetic disorder that
results in progressive destruction of the nervous system. It is
caused by gene defects that lead to the absence of a vital
enzyme called hexosaminidase-A (Hex-A).
TAY-SACHS
Is a well-known hereditary disease in which proper
clotting is absent. Most common among males,
hemophilia is characterized by a deficiency in blood
clotting leading to abnormal bleeding.
HEMOPHILIA
Is an inherited condition that comes on in mid-life. It
causes the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain,
leading to a loss of brain and muscle function.
HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE
defective genes interfere with
the production of proteins necessary for healthy muscle
development. Such symptoms as progressive muscle
weakness and loss of muscle mass often begin in childhood,
though the disease can affect all ages, and all races.
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
• Results from the body’reaction to a localized injurious agent.
• Examples include allergy, asthma, autoimmune diseases,
coeliac disease, glomerulonephritis, hepatitis, inflammatory bowel
disease, preperfusion injury and transplant rejection.
INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
Result from invasion by microorganisms such
as viruses, bacteria, or fungi
INFECTIVE DISEASE:
Result from poisoning by biologic substances
TOXIC DISEASE
An overreaction of the body’s own defenses
ALLERGIC DISEASE
Caused by deterioration of the body. is the result of a continuous
process based on degenerative cell changes, affecting tissues or
organs, which will increasingly deteriorate over time. In
neurodegenerative diseases cells of the central nervous system stop
working or die via neurodegeneration.
• Although they are usually associated with the aging process, some
degenerative condition may exist in younger patients.
DEGENERATIVE DISEASES
can be serious or life-threatening. It
depends on the type. Most of them have no cure. Treatments may help
improve symptoms, relieve pain, and increase mobility.
DEGENERATIVE NERV3 DISEASES
THREE DISEASES COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE AGING
PROCESS:
- ATHEROSCLEROSIS
- OSTEOPOROSIS
- OSTEOARTHRITIS
Any of the diseases or disorders that disrupt normal metabolism, the process of
converting food to energy on a cellular level. Thousands of enzymes participating
in numerous interdependent metabolic pathways carry out this process.
METABOLIC DISEASE
is the sum of all physical and chemical processes in the body.
METABOLISM:
may consist of hypersecretion, causing an overactivity
of the target organ or insufficient secretion, resulting in underactivity.
ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
the most common disturbance of fluid balance.
DEHYDRATION
May result from mechanical forces such as crushing or twisting
of a body part.
• In addition, disorders resulting in fractures. It may also injure
soft tissues.
___ injuries may injure soft tissues even if
the skin is not broken.
TRAUMATIC DISEASES
bleeding into the tissue spaces as a
result of capillary rupture.
BRUISE OR CONTUSION
an injury of soft parts associated with rupture of the
skin.
WOUND
Are conditions that cause tumor growth: both benign and malignant.
NEOPLASTIC DISEASE
are noncancerous growths. They usually grow slowly
and can’t spread to other tissues.
Benign tumors
are cancerous
and can grow slowly or quickly.
Malignant tumors
general term often used to denote various types of
malignant neoplasms.
CANCER
the spread of cancer cells.
METASTASIS
one type of cancer and is derived from epithelial
tissue
CARCINOMA
another cancer which arises from connective tissue
SARCOMA
PRIMARY TREATMENT MODALITIES FOR CANCER
- SURGERY
- CHEMOTHERAPY
- RADIATION THERAPY
*The choice of which modality or combination of
modalities depends on many factors, including the
type of cancer, its location and stage, and treating
oncologist.
allowing the patient to remain free of
disease for 5 years or more
CURATIVE
designed to relieve pain when curing
isn’t possible
PALLIATIVE
An
agent that can cause a birth defect is known as a
Teratogen
An
agent that can cause a birth defect is known as a
Teratogen
