Lesson 1: Introduction to Pathology

Question 1

The study of structural and functional manifestations of disease

Answer 1

PATHOLOGY

Question 2

The study of disease that can cause abnormalities in the structure or
function of various organ systems.

Answer 2

PATHOLOGY

Question 3

Study of various pathologic conditions and its effect on radiologic
procedures, techniques and overall radiographic image.

Answer 3

RADIOLOGIC PATHOLOGY

Question 4

A disease is a particular abnormal condition that
negatively affects the structure or function of all or part of an
organism, and that is not due to any immediate external injury.
Diseases are often known to be medical conditions that are
associated with specific symptoms and signs.

Answer 4

DISEASE

Question 5

The sequence of events producing cellular changes
that ultimately lead to observable changes.

Answer 5

PATHOGENESIS

Question 6

Observable changes resulting from cellular changes in
the disease process.

Answer 6

MANIFESTATIONS

Question 7

Is any objective evidence of a disease that can be
observed by others (for example a skin rash or lump)

Answer 7

SIGN

Question 8

Is subjective, that is, apparent only to the patient (for
example back pain or fatigue)

Answer 8

SYMPTOM

Question 9

Means there are no symptoms

Answer 9

ASYMPTOMATIC

Question 10

A group of sign and symptoms that characterizes a specific
abnormal disturbance.

Answer 10

SYNDROME

Question 11

The study of the cause of a disease

Answer 11

ETIOLOGY

Question 12

Which has been acquired while the patient is in hospital.

Answer 12

NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION

Question 13

Those adverse responses that occur from medical treatment
itself.

Answer 13

IATROGENIC REACTIONS

Question 14

Describe disease of unknown cause.

Answer 14

IDIOPATHIC

Question 15

Usually have a quick onset and last a short period of
time.

Answer 15

ACUTE DISEASES

Question 16

Present more slowly and last a very long time.

Answer 16

CHRONIC DISEASES

Question 17

Determination of the diseases than an individual has.

Answer 17

DIAGNOSIS

Question 18

The prediction of the course and outcome of the
disease

Answer 18

PROGNOSIS

Question 19

The investigation of disease in large group

Answer 19

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Question 20

The number of cases found in a given population

Answer 20

PREVALANCE

Question 21

The number of new cases found in given population

Answer 21

INCIDENCE

Question 22

Disease of high prevalence in an area where a given causative organism

Answer 22

ENDEMIC

Question 23

A disease which simultaneously affects large numbers of people in a
community

Answer 23

EPIDEMIC

Question 24

The rate of deaths caused by a particular disease averaged over a
population

Answer 24

MORTALITY RATE

Question 25

The incidence of sickness sufficient to interfere with an individual’s normal daily routine

Answer 25

MORBIDITY RATE

Question 26

Ratio of sick to well persons in a given area

Answer 26

MORBIDITY RATE

Question 27

Ratio of actual deaths to expected death from a given disease

Answer 27

MORTALITY RATE

Question 28

A birth defect, also known as a _ disorder, is a condition present at birth regardless of its cause. Birth defects may result in disabilities that may be physical, intellectual, or developmental.

Answer 28

CONGENITAL DISEASE

Question 29

Common congenital disorders

Answer 29

• cleft lip and cleft palate • cerebral palsy • Fragile X syndrome • Down syndrome • spina bifida • cystic fibrosis • heart conditions

Question 30

Diseases that are present at birth and result from genetic or environmental factors

Answer 30

CONGENITAL DISEASE

Question 31

Most birth defects are caused by _ & _ factors or a combination of the two (multifactoria

Answer 31

genetic or environmental

Question 32

caused by too few or too many chromosomes, or problems in the structure of the chromosomes, such as Down syndrome and extra copy of chromosome 21 and sex chromosome abnormalities

Answer 32

Chromosomal defects

Question 33

Genetic or inherited causes

Answer 33

1. Chromosomal defects 2. Single gene defects 3. Dominant inheritance 4. Recessive inheritance

Question 34

caused by a combination of genes and environmental exposures. In other words, a person can inherit a gene that bincreases sensitivity to an environmental trigger. Examples include cleft lip or palate, certain heart defects, and neural tube defects.

Answer 34

Multifactorial birth defects

Question 35

can include a drug, alcohol or a disease the mother has that can increase the chance for the baby to be born with a birth defect.

Answer 35

environmental cause

Question 36

It is a disease or disorder that is inherited genetically. These diseases are transmitted in the same family. The chromosomes in the humans are responsible for passing the traits from the parent to the offspring.

Answer 36

HEREDITARY DISEASE

Question 37

genetic abnormality present on the sex chromosome

Answer 37

SEX-LINKED

Question 38

genetic abnormality present on one of the other 22 chromosomes

Answer 38

AUTOSOMAL INHERITANCE

Question 39

Transmitted by a single gene from either parent

Answer 39

DOMINANT INHERITANCE-

Question 40

Transmitted by both parents to an offspring

Answer 40

RECESSIVE INHERITANCE-

Question 41

a hereditary disease caused by mutations in one of the genes that encode the hemoglobin protein. Red blood cells with the abnormal hemoglobin protein take on a sickle shape. The disease leads to chronic anemia and significant damage to the heart, lungs and kidneys.

Answer 41

SICKLE CELL DISEASES

Question 42

is caused by a gene mutation that affects the cells that produce mucus, sweat, and digestive juices. The mucus becomes thick and sticky, causing severe damage to the respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems.

Answer 42

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

Question 43

Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) is a fatal genetic disorder that results in progressive destruction of the nervous system. It is caused by gene defects that lead to the absence of a vital enzyme called hexosaminidase-A (Hex-A).

Answer 43

TAY-SACHS

Question 44

Is a well-known hereditary disease in which proper clotting is absent. Most common among males, hemophilia is characterized by a deficiency in blood clotting leading to abnormal bleeding.

Answer 44

HEMOPHILIA

Question 45

Is an inherited condition that comes on in mid-life. It causes the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain, leading to a loss of brain and muscle function.

Answer 45

HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE

Question 46

defective genes interfere with the production of proteins necessary for healthy muscle development. Such symptoms as progressive muscle weakness and loss of muscle mass often begin in childhood, though the disease can affect all ages, and all races.

Answer 46

MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY

Question 47

• Results from the body’reaction to a localized injurious agent. • Examples include allergy, asthma, autoimmune diseases, coeliac disease, glomerulonephritis, hepatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, preperfusion injury and transplant rejection.

Answer 47

INFLAMMATORY DISEASE

Question 48

Result from invasion by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi

Answer 48

INFECTIVE DISEASE:

Question 49

Result from poisoning by biologic substances

Answer 49

TOXIC DISEASE

Question 50

An overreaction of the body’s own defenses

Answer 50

ALLERGIC DISEASE

Question 51

Caused by deterioration of the body. is the result of a continuous process based on degenerative cell changes, affecting tissues or organs, which will increasingly deteriorate over time. In neurodegenerative diseases cells of the central nervous system stop working or die via neurodegeneration. • Although they are usually associated with the aging process, some degenerative condition may exist in younger patients.

Answer 51

DEGENERATIVE DISEASES

Question 52

can be serious or life-threatening. It depends on the type. Most of them have no cure. Treatments may help improve symptoms, relieve pain, and increase mobility.

Answer 52

DEGENERATIVE NERV3 DISEASES

Question 53

THREE DISEASES COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE AGING PROCESS:

Answer 53

1. ATHEROSCLEROSIS 2. OSTEOPOROSIS 3. OSTEOARTHRITIS

Question 54

Any of the diseases or disorders that disrupt normal metabolism, the process of converting food to energy on a cellular level. Thousands of enzymes participating in numerous interdependent metabolic pathways carry out this process.

Answer 54

METABOLIC DISEASE

Question 55

is the sum of all physical and chemical processes in the body.

Answer 55

METABOLISM:

Question 56

may consist of hypersecretion, causing an overactivity of the target organ or insufficient secretion, resulting in underactivity.

Answer 56

ENDOCRINE DISORDERS

Question 57

the most common disturbance of fluid balance.

Answer 57

DEHYDRATION

Question 58

May result from mechanical forces such as crushing or twisting of a body part. • In addition, disorders resulting in fractures. It may also injure soft tissues. ___ injuries may injure soft tissues even if the skin is not broken.

Answer 58

TRAUMATIC DISEASES

Question 59

bleeding into the tissue spaces as a result of capillary rupture.

Answer 59

BRUISE OR CONTUSION

Question 60

an injury of soft parts associated with rupture of the skin.

Answer 60

WOUND

Question 61

Are conditions that cause tumor growth: both benign and malignant.

Answer 61

NEOPLASTIC DISEASE

Question 62

are noncancerous growths. They usually grow slowly and can't spread to other tissues.

Answer 62

Benign tumors

Question 63

are cancerous and can grow slowly or quickly.

Answer 63

Malignant tumors

Question 64

general term often used to denote various types of malignant neoplasms.

Answer 64

CANCER

Question 65

the spread of cancer cells.

Answer 65

METASTASIS

Question 66

one type of cancer and is derived from epithelial tissue

Answer 66

CARCINOMA

Question 67

another cancer which arises from connective tissue

Answer 67

SARCOMA

Question 68

PRIMARY TREATMENT MODALITIES FOR CANCER

Answer 68

1. SURGERY 2. CHEMOTHERAPY 3. RADIATION THERAPY *The choice of which modality or combination of modalities depends on many factors, including the type of cancer, its location and stage, and treating oncologist.

Question 69

allowing the patient to remain free of disease for 5 years or more

Answer 69

CURATIVE

Question 70

designed to relieve pain when curing isn’t possible

Answer 70

PALLIATIVE

Question 71

An agent that can cause a birth defect is known as a

Answer 71

Teratogen

Question 72

An agent that can cause a birth defect is known as a

Answer 72

Teratogen