Lesson 2: Skeletal

Question 1

FUNCTION OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM:

Answer 1

1. SUPPORT AND PROTECTION
2. MOVEMENT
3. HEMATOPOIESIS
4. STORAGE
5. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Question 2

serious dominant, congenital disease that
affects the newborn skeletal system.

Answer 2

OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA

Question 3

Also called BRITTLE BONE SYNDROME

Answer 3

OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA

Question 4

Due to its abnormal fragile bone, infants
afflicted are born with multiple fractures.

Answer 4

OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA

Question 5

most common inherited disorder that results in malformation and dwarfism.
cartilage located in the epiphyses of long bones that does not convert to a bone.

Answer 5

ACHONDROPLASIA

Question 6

Term characterizing various disorders that involves increase in bone density and defective bone contour (skeletal modeling)

Answer 6

OSTEOPETROSIS (MARBLE BONE)

Question 7

a common form of osteosclerotic osteoporosis that is considered a benign skeletal anomaly involving bone density

Answer 7

ALBERS-SCHONBERG

Question 8

failure of the fingers and toes to separate that gives a physical appearance of webbed digit

Answer 8

SYNDACTYLY

Question 9

the presence of extra digits

Answer 9

POLYDACTYLY

Question 10

HAND AND FOOT MALFORMATIONS

Answer 10

SYNDACTYLY & POLYDACTYLY

Question 11

• malformation of the acetabulum due to incomplete formation resulting in displacement of thebhead of the femur.
• Very common in females and can be created through castingbor splinting of the affected hip.

Answer 11

CONGENITAL DISLOCATION OF THE HIP

Question 12

soft brace that helps hold the baby’s legs in a position that allows their hip joint to be aligned and stable so that it develops correctly.
a “dynamic brace,” meaning that it is not rigid and allows the baby to move their legs

Answer 12

Pavlik Harness

Question 13

an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine that tends tobaffect female more frequently
: can either be convex to the right in the thoracic regionbor left in the lumbar region.
: can be corrected surgically or by placing a brace or body cast.

Answer 13

SCOLIOSIS:

Question 14

an incomplete closure of the vertebral canal particularly in the lumbosacral area which results in failure of bony fusion of the two laminae that is visible radiographically.

Answer 14

SPINA BIFIDA

Question 15

: premature or early closure of any of the cranial suture.
: causes an overgrowth in the fused
sutures allowing the brainbto grow, thus altering the shape of the head

Answer 15

CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS

Question 16

results in no formation if the brain and
cranial vault leaving only the facial bones to be formed. This result in death can be diagnosed by sonography and radiography

Answer 16

ANENCEPHALY

Question 17

An infection of the bone and bone marrow resulting from a direct infection such as an open fracture.
* Generally affected are the infants and children because of low resistance combined with the virulence of the organism.
* In adults, it affects the ends of the long bones of the lower limbs

Answer 17

OSTEOMYELITIS

Question 18

A chronic inflammatory disease affecting the ends of long bones or of the spine.
Radiographically displays a worm-eaten appearance infecting the joint spaces

Answer 18

TUBERCULOSIS

Question 19

the tuberculosis of the spine causing softening and eventual collapse of the vertebrae resulting in the abscess formation and pressure in spinal cord.

Answer 19

POTT’S DISEASE:

Question 19

Defined as inflammation of the joints

Answer 19

ARTHRITIS

Question 20

commonly pyogenic arthritis caused by
staphylocci, streptocci and gonococci.

Answer 20

ACUTE ARTHRITIS

Question 21

chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the synovial joints; common in women aged 20 to 50

Answer 21

RHEUMATOID
ARTHRITIS:

Question 22

A progressive form of arthritis that is a chronic condition affecting the spine and sacroiliac joints of males aged 10 to 30 years

Answer 22

ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS

Question 23

It leads to rigidity and fixation making the spine a rigid block of bone referred to as a bamboo spine resulting in bone fusion (ankylosis

Answer 23

ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS

Question 23

The most common type of arthritis known for as degenerative joint disease. Affects male and female equally resulting from a noninflammatory deterioration of the joint cartilage that occurs with the normal wear and tear of aging

Answer 23

OSTEOARTHRITIS

Question 24

: inflammation of the bursa (bursea) which is surrounded with synovial membrane

Answer 24

BURSITIS

Question 25

inflammation of the tendons (connective tissues attaching the muscles to the bones, enclosed in a sheath

Answer 25

TENDONITIS

Question 26

A metabolic disorder common in women post menopause. There is an abnormal decrease in bone density. * In postmenopausal women, hormone estrogen is decreased or lost causing the bones to become “porous”. * Its severity leads to a compression fracture.

Answer 26

OSTEOPOROSIS

Question 27

Metabolic condition due to lack of calcium in the tissues and a failure of bone to calcify. * Results from inadequate intake of calcium, phosphorous, vitamin D.

Answer 27

OSTEOMALACIA

Question 28

caused by vitamin D deficiency in children

Answer 28

Rickets

Question 29

* It is the most common in elderly of unknown etiology. * Affects the pelvis, spine, skull and the long bones. * Complications may lead to hearing and vision disturbances and even to malignant neoplastic disease of the skeletal system, osteogenic sarcoma

Answer 29

PAGET’S DISEASE

Question 30

* An endocrine disorder due to disturbance of the pituitary gland. * It is a slowly progressive disease in which there is an increase in growth of the hormone that will thicken and make the bone coarse because of the epiphyses closing and bone that does not grow in length anymore.

Answer 30

ACROMEGALY

Question 30

A discontinuity of bone caused by mechanical forces either applied to the bone or transmitted directly along the line of a bone.

Answer 30

FRACTURES

Question 31

one in which the bone penetrate the skin

Answer 31

OPEN OR COMPOUND FRACTURES

Question 32

one in which the skin is not penetrated, thus reducing the chance of infection.

Answer 32

CLOSED FRACTURE

Question 33

those in which the bone has separated in two fragments.

Answer 33

COMPLETE, NON-COMMINUTED FRACTURE:

Question 34

complete fractures that are at right angles to the long axis of the bone

Answer 34

TRANSVERSE:

Question 34

those in which only part of the bony structure gives way, with little or no displacement

Answer 34

INCOMPLETE

Question 35

a type of incomplete fracture that extends from the surface into but not all the way through a long bone.

Answer 35

FISSURE:

Question 36

the axis of the fracture is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the bone. The length and angle of the fracture depend on the rotational stress

Answer 36

Oblique:

Question 36

the bone appears to be twisted apart. - This is very common in the humerus, and especially the tibia of skiers

Answer 36

Spiral:

Question 37

one bone fragment is driven into another

Answer 37

Impacted

Question 37

a lengthwise break in bone

Answer 37

Longitudinal

Question 37

: a type oof impacted fracture that is especially common in the distal radius of children.

Answer 37

Torus

Question 37

the bone is separated into two or more and often numerous fragment

Answer 37

Comminuted:

Question 38

fracture of a bone in two district places

Answer 38

Double

Question 39

fractures that usually occur as a result of a strong, violent force - Occur at sites of maximal strain on a bone, usually in connection with unaccustomed activity

Answer 39

Stress/Fatigue:

Question 39

occur when fragment of bone is pulled away from the shaft

Answer 39

Avulsion

Question 40

commonly a transverse fracture occurring in abnormal bone that is weakened by various disease

Answer 40

Pathologic

Question 41

a fracture through the distal one-inch of the radius

Answer 41

Colle’s:

Question 42

a fractures of the base of the first metacarpal with involvement of the first carpometacarpal joint

Answer 42

Bennett’s Fracture:

Question 43

a reverse Colle’s fracture with displacement toward the palmar aspect of the hand

Answer 43

Smith’s:

Question 44

a common pediatric fracture in which there is an alteration in the alignment of the condyles may come to lie directly under the shaft of the humerus

Answer 44

Supracondylar:

Question 45

usually caused by falling on one’s han

Answer 45

Carpal-Navicular Fracture

Question 46

involves both malleoli, with dislocations of the ankle joint

Answer 46

Pott’s

Question 47

the exact location and severity of a hip fracture depend on the direction of the forces involved. - The most common type of hip fractures include subcapital, transcervical and interthrocanteric.

Answer 47

Hip Fractures

Question 48

a fracture of the lateral and medial mallelous.

Answer 48

Bimalleolar Fracture

Question 49

has three components: the medial and lateral mallelous and the posterior distal tibia

Answer 49

Trimalleolar Fracture

Question 50

a common transverse fracture that occurs when the foot is suddenly twisted when the ankle pronates

Answer 50

Fracture of the Base of the Fifth Metatarsal

Question 51

occurs when a person falls directly on the patellae, shattering it

Answer 51

Stellate Fracture

Question 52

a communited fracture in which there are one or more butterfly wing or wedge shaped fragments split off from the main fragments

Answer 52

Butterfly:

Question 53

: in which the cortex breaks on one side without separation or breaking of the opposing cortex

Answer 53

Greenstick:

Question 54

another type of complete, non-communited fracture in which two or more complete fractures occur involving the shaft of a single bone

Answer 54

Multiple

Question 55

an avulsion fracture of a small fragment or chip of bone from the cornet of a phalanx or other long bone

Answer 55

Chip

Question 56

type of incomplete fracture resulting from penetration by a sharp object such a bullet or a knife

Answer 56

Penetrating

Question 57

occurs when the fifth metacarpal fractures as a result of a blow to or with the hand

Answer 57

Boxer’s

Question 58

one of the proximal third of the ulna shift, with anterior dislocation of the radial head

Answer 58

Monteggia

Question 59

generally result from a blow to the face

Answer 59

FACIAL BONE

Question 59

appear as straight sharply defined, non-branching lines and are intensely radiolucent

Answer 59

LINEAR

Question 60

maybe difficult to recognize initially because of the edema.

Answer 60

ZYGOMATIC ARCH FRACTURE:

Question 60

appears as curvilinear density because the fracture edges are overlapped.

Answer 60

DEPRESSED

Question 60

-very difficult to demonstrate radiographically. -Air-fluid levels in the sphenoid sinus and/or clouding of the mastoid air cells are often the only radiographic finding suggesting a fracture

Answer 60

BASILAR SKULL FRACTURES

Question 60

generally detected by the patients inability to open the mouth and pain when moving the mandible.

Answer 60

MANDIBULAR FRACTURE

Question 61

results from a direct blow to the front of the orbit, thus transferring the force to the orbital walls and floor.

Answer 61

BLOW-OUT

Question 61

serious because of the adjacent nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, orbit and close proximity of the brain

Answer 61

FRACTURES OF THE MAXILLA

Question 61

implies that a bone is out of its joint and not in contact with its normal articulation

Answer 61

Dislocation

Question 61

occurs when the zygomatic or malar bone is fractured at all three sutures: frontal, temporal and maxillary.

Answer 61

TRIPOD

Question 61

may be accompanied by a fracture of the ascending process of the maxillae and/or the nasal septum, which is composed of the vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

Answer 61

NASAL BONE FRACTURE

Question 61

Disk disease

Answer 61

cause muscle spasm with pain referral throughout the back.

Question 61

a partial dislocation, often occurring with a fracture

Answer 61

Subluxation

Question 61

most frequent type of injury involving a vertebral body

Answer 61

Compression fractures

Question 61

causes of vertebral column injuries

Answer 61

direct trauma, hyperextension-flexion injuries (whiplash), osteoporosis or metastatic destruction.

Question 61

When forward slippage of the vertebral column off a vertebrae occurs because of spondylolysis,

Answer 61

spondylolithesis

Question 61

a fracture of the arch of he second cervical vertebrae and is usually accompanied by anterior subluxation of the second cervical vertebrae or the third cervical vertebrae

Answer 61

Hangman’s fracture

Question 62

exists when there is a cleft or breaking down, of the body of the vertebral between the superior and inferior articular processes (pars interarticularis). Typically this occurs in the arch of the fifth lumbar vertebrae and appears radiographically as a “collar” or “broken neck” on the Scotty dog appearance and is demonstrated on an oblique projection of the lumbar spine

Answer 62

Spondylolysis

Question 62

* The most common benign bone tumor, which arises from the growth zone between the epiphysis and diaphysis of long bones, also called the metaphysis. * Most commonly it involves the lower femur or upper tibia and is capped by growing cartilage. Many times osteochondromas are asymptomatic unless the affected long bone is traumatized, which results in a pathologic fracture of the diseased bone.

Answer 62

OSTEOCHONDROMA

Question 62

a slowgrowing benign tumor composed of cartilage. * It grows in the marrow space and most commonly affects the small bones of the hands and feet in individuals between the ages of 10 and 30 years. * Multiple growths termed endochondromatosis, may also occur in childhood and like multiple osteochondromas may undergo malignant transformation

Answer 62

ENDOCHONDROMA

Question 62

* Refers to a group of tumors characterized by the presence of numerous, multinucleated, osteoclastic giant cells. * This neoplasms affects the sexes equally and is found in individuals between the ages of 20 to 30 years. * Anatomically thus disease tends to affect the ends of epiphyses of long bones, especially the lower femur, upper tibia and lower radius.

Answer 62

OSTEOCLASTOMA (GIANT CELL TUMOR)

Question 62

These fibrous tumors occur twice as often in males compared with females and almost always develop before the age of 30 years. * Osteoid osteomas are commonly found in the femur, tibia or spine of the young adult.

Answer 62

OSTEOID OSTEOMA

Question 62

* is a fairly rare growth most commonly located in the skull. * These lesions are composed of very dense, well circumscribe, normal bone tissue that usually projects into the orbits or paranasal sinuses. * Another term associated with osteoma of the skull is hyperostosis frontalis interna.

Answer 62

OSTEOMA

Question 63

Except for myeloma, the most common primary malignancy of the skeleton is the osteosarcoma, which arises from osteoblasts. * This neoplasm is most frequently found in the metaphysis of long bones, with approximately 50% affecting the knee

Answer 63

OSTEOSARCOMA (OSTEOGENIC SARCOMA)

Question 64

* Another primary malignant bone tumor is an Ewing’s sarcoma. This neoplasm occurs at a younger age than any other primary malignant bone neoplasm, usually between the ages of 5 to 15 years and rarely occurs after the age of 30 years. * Unlike osteosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma arises from the medullary canal and involves the bone more diffusely, giving rise to uniform thickening of the bone.

Answer 64

EWING’S SARCOMA

Question 64

* A chondrosarcoma is a malignant tumor of cartilaginous origin and is composed of a typical cartilage. * It is about half as common as osteosarcoma and comprises approximately 10% of all malignant tumors of the skeletal system. * Males are three times as likely as females to develop chondrosarcoma and it is more common in older adults.

Answer 64

CHONDROSARCOMA

Question 65

most common malignant tumor of the skeleton, with secondary bone tumors of any origin far outnumbering primary bine tumors.

Answer 65

metastatic disease from carcinomas

Question 66

most common primary sites for metastatic bone cancer

Answer 66

breast, lung, prostate, kidney and thyroid gland (the tumor spreading via proximity, the blood stream or the lymphatic system)