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Neuroscience > Neuroimaging > Flashcards

Neuroimaging Flashcards

1
Q

Define “invasive” and “non-invasive” neuroimaging

A

Invasive: insert something into the body

Non invasive: Don’t insert anything into body

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2
Q

Name an example of invasive and non invasive neuroimaging methods

A

Invasive: PET scan (injection of radioactive substance

Non-invasive: EEG

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3
Q

Define spatial and temporal resolution

A

Spatial: How blurry or sharp. How easily you can tell two structures apart.
Temporal: how accurately you can tell when activity happens. How well you can tell events apart.

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4
Q

Place in order of low to high spatial resolution: fMRI, EEG, single cell recording

A

EEG (localised to several centimetres, low S.R.)

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5
Q

Place in order of low to high temporal resolution: EEG, fMRI, single cell recording

A

fMRI-seconds-low TR
EEG-within milliseconds-high TR
Single cell-microsecond-super high TR

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6
Q

What are the causal ways to study the nervous system?

A

lesioning, acquired brain injury, stimulating and disrupting activity

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7
Q

What are the correlational ways to study the nervous system?

A

Magnetoencephalography, electroencephalography, positron emission tomography, MRI, fMRI

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8
Q

What are some ways of stimulating and disrupting activity?

A

Transcranial direct current stimulation, drug blocks, cryogenic blocks, transcranial magnetic stimulation.

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9
Q

What is transcranial direct current stimulation? (tDCS)

A

Use anode to depolarise neurons and cathode to hyperpolarise and observe changes in behaviour
Anodal activity improves
Cathodal activity hinders

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10
Q

What is a drug block?

A

Injection of local anesthetic to disrupt activity and observe behaviour

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11
Q

What is a cryogenic block?

A

Insert cryoprobe that cools neurons to stop firing - virtual lesion, and observe behaviour

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12
Q

What is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

A

-Single pulse at specific location on scalp during or before activity. —Magnetic activity causes neurons to fire

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13
Q

What is magnetoencephalography (MEG)?

A

Currents generate a magnetic field which is measured at scalp

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14
Q

What is electroencephalography?

A

Electrical activity generates electric field, measured at scalp, sum of electric events

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15
Q

What is positron emission tomography (PET)?

A

A technique that involves radioactive tracing of brain areas that are active during a task.

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16
Q

What is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)? High or low spatial and temporal resolution?

A

A large magnet that detects magnetic fields of water molecules in the brain to capture images of structures. High spatial resolution, low temporal resolution.

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17
Q

What is functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)? High or low spatial and temporal resolution?

A

A large magnet that detects magnetic fields. It detects oxygenated haemoglobin. Detects BOLD-Blood oxygen level dependent contrast. Low temporal resolution whilst measuring temporal activity, high spatial resolution…

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18
Q

What are some advantages of fMRI?

A
  • Non invasive
  • High spatial resolution
  • No known health risks
  • Structure and function in same image
  • 3D images of activity over whole brain
19
Q

What are some disadvantages of fMRI?

A
  • Low temporal resolution
  • Individual measure of activity
  • 2-3 seconds to create image
  • Not causal
20
Q

What are the ways to measure behavioural responses in neuroscience?

A

Reaction times
Detection thresholds
Stimulus discrimination
Psychophysics

21
Q

What are the ways to measure physiological responses in neuroscience?

A 
Startle response
Electrodermal activity
Startle response
Pupilometry
Heart rate
Muscle tension
Polygraph
22
Q
  1. What do we use amplitude of startle response to measure? 2. What happens to the amplitude of the startle response when fear conditioning is applied?
A
  1. Fear and conditioning 2. Amplitude increases when presented with a cue that has been paired with an aversive stimulus.
23
Q
  1. What do we use electrodermal activity to measure? 2. What happens to the skin when electrical activity in nerves increases?
A
  1. Fight or flight response, index of autonomic activity (measure of emotional arousal) 2. Skin momentarily becomes better conductor
24
Q

How did Broca identify causation in Patient Tan’s symptoms in which he could only say “tan”.

A

Acquired brain injury in the posterior inferior frontal gyrus (Broca’s area) allowed causation since “if not, x then not y”

25
Q

Lesion in what area causes loss of the ability to produce language but comprehension of language remains intact?

A

Broca’s area

26
Q

What are the types of lesion studies?

A

Removing/disability parts of the brain and observing behaviour
Aspiration lesion
Radio frequency lesion
Knife cuts

27
Q

What are the problems associated with lesion studies?

A

Some neighbouring tissue is lesioned - functions lost as a result are inadvertently attributed to the target area
Sometimes a portion remains - as well as some function

28
Q

What is the function of TMS?

A

Magnetic activity of TMS causes neurons to fire (focal stimulation) in order to observe behavioural consequences

29
Q

How can TMS be used to test neural correlates of behaviour?

A

Can be used in two ways: by stimulating or disrupting neural activity; preventing or facilitating a behaviour

30
Q

How does TMS disrupt activity?

A

Creates synchronised pattern of discharge that interferes with normal brain activity

31
Q

How is TMS used clinically?

A

Repetitive TMS used to “fix” too high or too low neural activity e.g. clinical depression and neuropathic pain

32
Q

What is an advantage of TMS?

A

Permits causal inference about the necessity of a specific brain region for performing a given task

33
Q

What is an advantage of MEG?

A

Very high temporal resolution

Relatively direct measure of activity

34
Q

What is a disadvantage of MEG?

A

No good for subcortical, hard to model sources, expensive

35
Q

What is measured using EEG?

A

Gross electrical activity on scalp

36
Q

What does the gross electrical activity recorded using EEG represent?

A

Sum of electrical events - action potentials, postsynaptic potentials, muscle activity etc
Measured electrical activity correlates with underlying neural activity

37
Q

What are some default states observed in EEG?

A

Relaxed - alpha (8-12Hz)
Deep sleep - delta (less than 4 Hz)
Focused - beta (16-21 Hz)

38
Q

What is an event related potential?

A

Waveforms that accompany an event temporally

39
Q

How to extract signal from noise to gain event related potential?

A

Average lots of trials to extract signal

40
Q

Is EEG good for spatial or temporal resolution, or both?

A

Temporal, but can be used to model certain areas based on relative activity location

41
Q

What are the advantages of EEG?

A

High temporal resolution,
Non invasive
Relatively cheap

42
Q

What are the disadvantages of EEG?

A

Low spatial resolution
Poor for activity below superficial layers
Low signal to noise - signal easily contaminated, thus need lots of trials which is time consuming

43
Q

Does research use human brains to perform lesioning?

A

No, since it is unethical. Therefore, we only use animal brains.

44
Q

Do researchers always use only one of the methods?

A

No, build a body of evidence using multiple methods

Neuroscience (8 decks)

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