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Neuo Block 1 > Neuroglia > Flashcards

Neuroglia Flashcards

1
Q

The soma contains cellular organelles, what are the typical characteristics of a neural cell?

A
  1. Multiple mitochondria for energy production
  2. Rough ER and golgi for protein synthesis
  3. Nissl granulation (rough ER can be stained)
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2
Q

An axon arises from what?

A

A hillock

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3
Q

Does the axon have fought ER? Mitochondria?

A

Yes mitochondria, no ER

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4
Q

Do axons branch?

A

Nah

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5
Q

Do dentrites branch?

A

They can

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6
Q

What are multipolar neurons?

A

Multiple dendrites with one axon

-motor neurons

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7
Q

What are pseudounipolar neurons?

A

One axon with common stem and then two sending branches

-sensory

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8
Q

What are bipolar neurons?

A

-one dendrite and one axon

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9
Q

What kind of neurons can be somatic and visceral?

A

Motor and sensory

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10
Q

Where are neuroendocrine neurons found? What do they do?

A
  • mostly in hypothalamus

- secrete peptide hormones into the blood

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11
Q

What kind of neurons are sensory neurons typically?

A

Psuedounipolar or bipolar

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12
Q

What is transduction?

A

The process of converting sensory input into a form interpretable by the nervous system
-all sensory neurons do this

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13
Q

Motor neurons often end in fine branches called what?

A

Terminal arbors

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14
Q

What forms the synapse between nerve cells?

A

Terminal boutons

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15
Q

What is. Synapse?

A

The site at which an axon terminal communicate with a second neuron or effector tissue

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16
Q

What is axodendritic? Is it excitatory or inhibitory?

A
  • presynaptic axon connects with post synaptic dendrite

- can be excitatory or inhibitory

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17
Q

What is axosomatic? Excitatory or inhibitory?

A
  • presynaptic axon to post synaptic soma

- either

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18
Q

What is axoaxonic?

A
  • acts to increase or decrease NT release by post synaptic terminal
  • axon to axon
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19
Q

Where are NT produces and where do they secrete?

A
  • NT made in the soma

- go to the synapse

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20
Q

What are the five steps in transmission?

A
  1. Synthesis
  2. Storage
  3. Transport
  4. Release
  5. Reuptake/destruction
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21
Q

NT are transported along what?

A

Along microtubules of the axons

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22
Q

Anterograde transport takes things in what direction? What proteins does it use?

A
  • away from cell body

- kinesins

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23
Q

Retrograde transport moves things in what direction? What proteins does it use?

A
  • towards cell body

- dyneins

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24
Q

What do kinesins use for transport?

A

-use ATP-are to crawl along the microtubules

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25
Q

What is fast transport?

A
  • uninterrupted transport using kinesins

- carries synaptic vesicles, NT, and mitochondria

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26
Q

What is slow transport?

A
  • transport using Kinesins, with stops though

- transport cytosolic proteins, cytoskeletal proteins

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27
Q

Which transport is faster, fast or slow transport?

A

Slow transport is faster, but they pause frequently

28
Q

What does retrograde axonal transport allow?

A
  • allows the neuron to respond to growth factors

- recycles components of the axon terminal and damaged mitochondria

29
Q

Viruses and toxins use what kind of transport?

A

Retrograde axonal transport

30
Q

Are cell bodies grey or white?

A

Grey! Lack myelin!

31
Q

What is a group of cell bodies within the CNS?

A

Nucleus

32
Q

What are tracts?

A

Bundles of nuclei in the CNS

33
Q

What is a group of tracts called?

A

Funiculus

34
Q

What is fasciculus? Lemniscus?

A
  • bundle of nuclei in the CNS

- ribbon of nuclei in the CNS

35
Q

What is a group of cell bodies in the PNS called?

A

Ganglia

36
Q

A group of ganglia in the PNS are called what?

A

Nerves

37
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

-provide myelin sheath to neurons in the CNS

38
Q

What provides myelination in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

39
Q

What do microglia do?

A

-immune and inflammatory functions

40
Q

What are ependimal cells?

A

Neuroepithelium

41
Q

What kind of astrocytes are in grey matter? White matter?

A

Grey: protoplasmic astrocytes
White: fibrous astrocytes

42
Q

What kind of shape are astrocytes?

A

-they are highly branched with multiple processes that give them a star like appearance

43
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes?

A
  • maintain constant pH
  • secrete growth factors and cytokines
  • remove glutamate from synapses
  • store glycogen to help neuronal metabolism
44
Q

What part of the cell can astrocytes communicate with?

A

Every part!

45
Q

When does an astrocytic scar form?

A

-when injury to the CNS results in destruction of neurons and the space si filled with proliferation of astrocytes

46
Q

Why are the majority of CNS tumors of astrocytic origin?

A

-they can proliferate in the mature brain

47
Q

What is the purpose of the astrocytes end feet?

A

-they join together and isolate the CNS from other tissues

48
Q

What are the two barriers astrocytes make?

A
  1. Glial limiting membrane: surface of the brain and spinal cord adjacent to the pia mater is covered with end feet (glial limitans)
  2. Blood Brain Barrier: capillaries in CNS are covered with end feet that separate them from the brain tissue
49
Q

What does the term neurovascular unit describe?

A

All of the components of the blood brain barrier

50
Q

What are the cellular components that make up the physical barrier of the neurovascular unit?

A
  • endothelial cells and their basement membranes (tight junctions)
  • preicytes on surface of capillaries
  • astrocytes
  • perivascular macrophages
51
Q

What makes up the functional barrier of the blood brain barrier?

A

-a single, non-fenestrated, continuous endothelial layer

52
Q

What are the aspects that make the brain immune privileged?

A
  • tight junctions
  • endothelial cells have low rates of transcytosis (creates a barrier to hydrophilic molecules)
  • endothelial cells express low levels of leukocyte adhesion molecules, which limits the CNS immune serveillance
53
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

Action potentials jump between nodes of ranvier

54
Q

What are the smallest cells of the neural tissue?

A

Microglia

55
Q

Microglia are normally what in their normal state?

A

-inactivated/ quiescent

56
Q

Do we want microglia activated? Why or why not?

A
  • no

- they get rid of debris without inflammation, but they stimulate the secretion of cytokines which release WBC

57
Q

How does rabies spread?

A
  • transported in retrograde fashion and proliferate in the cell body and spread to adjacent cells
  • spread to salivary glands
  • there is a treatment once the individual is effected
58
Q

How does tetanus spread?

A

In retrograde fashion, but then it kills the neuron

-no treatment

59
Q

What are two viruses that lay in sensory ganglia and can re activate?

A
  • varicella/chicken pox

- herpes simplex

60
Q

What are the two diseases that disrupt axonal transport?

A

Alzheimer’s and Huntington

61
Q

What is bacterial meningitis?

A
  • infection of the meninges

- group B strep can weaken BBB by suppressing tight junction protein expression

62
Q

What is MS?

A
  • activated immune Th1 cells can sneak through BBB and induce autoimmune response
  • Th1 lymphocytes trigger inflammatory response and increase permeability of BBB
63
Q

What kind of tumor is commonly seen in AIDS?

A

CNS lymphoma

64
Q

What kind of legion does CNS lymphoma present?

A

-ring enhancing lesions

65
Q

What is the most common brain malignancy?

A

Metastasis

66
Q

What kind of legion would you see with metastasis?

A

Bright and dense

Neuo Block 1 (10 decks)

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