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Neuo Block 1 > development > Flashcards

development Flashcards

1
Q

when does gastrulation occur? what is the outcome?

A
  • the third week

- three layers are formed

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2
Q

during gastrulation, what cells are migrating and ultimately form all three layers?

A

epiblast

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3
Q

what gives rise to the CNS?

A

neural tube

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4
Q

what gives rise to the PNS?

A

neural crest

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5
Q

what are the neural derivatives of the neural crest?

A
  • posterior root ganglia
  • sympathetic chain ganglia
  • prevertebral ganglia
  • enteric ganglia
  • para ganglia of CN 7,9,10
  • sym ganglia of CN 5,7,8,9,10
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6
Q

what are some non neural derivatives of the neural crest?

A
  • schwann cells
  • melanocytes
  • pia and arachnoid of the meninges
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7
Q

hirschprung disease is due to what?

A

-failure of migration of parasympathetic ganglion from cells from the neural crest

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8
Q

what are the three primary brain vesicles?

A
  • proencephalon(forebrain)
  • mesencephalon (midbrain)
  • rhombencephalon(hindbrain)
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9
Q

on the fifth week, the three primary brain vesicles divide into what five secondary brain vesicles?

A
  1. Telencephalon (forebrain)
  2. Diencephalon (forebrain)
  3. mesencephalon (Midbrain)
  4. Metencephalon (hindbrain)
  5. Myelencephalon (hindbrain)
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10
Q

what are the four flexures?

A
  1. Cervical: between hindbrain and spinal cord
  2. Mesencephalic: bend in neural tube at the level of mesencephalon
  3. telencephalic: between the diencephalon and telencephalon
  4. Pontine flexure: divides the hindbrain into metencephalon and myelencephalon
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11
Q

the telencephalon expands to form what?

A

cerebral hemispheres

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12
Q

metencephalon gives rise to what?

A
  • pons

- cerebellum

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13
Q

the diencephalon gives rise to what?

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • optic cup
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14
Q

the myelencephalon gives rise to what?

A

-medulla

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15
Q

what is the process of forming the neural tube from the neural plate called?

A

neurulation

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16
Q

what initiates the formation of the neural tube?

A

-notochord formation during gastrulation induces formation of neural plate, which then starts the development of the neural tube

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17
Q

what is the first step of neural system development?

A

formation of the neural plate

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18
Q

what pathology results from failure of the rostral end of the neural tube (anterior neuropore) to close?

A

anencephaly

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19
Q

what pathology results from failure of the posterior neuropore to close?

A

myeloschisis

20
Q

what is cranioshisis?

A

failure of the back of the skull to close

21
Q

what is meningocele?

A

the cyst structure from failure of the back of the skull to close contains meninges

22
Q

what is meningoenchephalocele

A

the cyst structure from failure of the back of the skull to close contains meninges and the brain

23
Q

what is meningohydroencephalocele?

A

the cyst structure from failure of the back of the skull to close contains meninges, brain, and part of the ventricular system

24
Q

what is the alar plate in the developing spinal cord?

A
  • posterior cell masses that become the dorsal horn

- sensory

25
Q

what is the basal plate in the developing spinal cord?

A
  • anterior cell masses that become the ventral horn

- motor

26
Q

what develops in the intermediate zone of the spinal cord?

A

the sympathetic nervous system

27
Q

what is the sulcus limitans?

A

the groove that separates the alar and basal plates

28
Q

how are the alar and basal plates arranged in the brainstem?

A

-the alar plates rotate dorsolaterally to give the plates a medial to lateral orientation

29
Q

the alar and basal plates, which one has afferent fibers and which one has efferent?

A

Alar-afferent

Basal-efferent

30
Q

what does the cerebellum arise from?

A

rhombic lip

31
Q

what is dandy-walker syndrome? what would the CT show? what are the clinical signs?

A
  • dilation of the fourth ventricle, incomplete development of midline portion of cerebellum
  • CT shows enlarged posterior fossa with a midline cyst
  • developmental delay, big head, hydrocephalus
32
Q

what is chiari malformation? what is the difference between I and II?

A
  • herniation of the cerebellar vermis and tonsils through the foramen magnum
  • skull is abnormally small and compresses brain downward
  • type I: develops as the skull and brain are growing
  • type II: malformation is present at birth
33
Q

what is prosencephalization?

A

differentiation of prosencephalon into the diencephalon and telencephalon

34
Q

what is holoprosencephaly? what is the difference between alobar and semilobar?

A
  • failure of prosencephalon to undergo cleavage
  • Alobar: no lobes, single forebrain ventricle
  • Semilobar: partial separation
35
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome is associated with what?

A

holoprosencephaly

36
Q

what is lissencephaly? pachygyria? micrgyria?

A

Lissencephaly: no gyri formed
Pachygyria: excessive gyri growth
Microgyria: deficient gyri growth

37
Q

what are some signs of fetal alcohol syndrome?

A
  • short
  • low body weight
  • small head
  • mental retardation
  • hypertelorism (eyes far apart)
38
Q

what is the consequence of defective development of cerebral aqueduct?

A
  • aqueduct stenosis

- hydrocephalus

39
Q

what do radial glia do?

A

-they act as cell guides to allow neuroblasts to migrate away from the luminal surface and develop the layers of the cerebral cortex.

40
Q

what is the difference between spina bifida occulta and spina bifida aperta?

A

occulta: skin is intact, marked by a patch of hair
aperta: skin is not closed over the vertebral defect

41
Q

what is spina bifida?

A

-failure of vertebral arches to close

42
Q

what is meningocele?

A

-spina bifida and meninges and CSF

43
Q

what is meningomyelocele?

A

-spina bifida and meninges and CSF and spinal neural tissue

44
Q

what should moms take to prevent spina bifida?

A

folic acid

45
Q

what are the common diseases that can cause congenital nervous system defects?

A 
T-toxoplasmomsis
O-other agents(HIV, syphilis)
R-rubella
C-cytomegalovirus
H-herpes simpex virus
46
Q

Zika virus has been associated with what in newborns in america?

A

microcephaly

Neuo Block 1 (10 decks)

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