Neurogenic Communication Disorders Flashcards
neurogenic etiologies
usually a disease or trauma
progressive neurological disorders
- parkinson’s
- multiple sclerosis
- myasthenis Gravis
parkinson’s
-deterioration of the substantia nigra in the basil ganglia and areas of the brainstem
what neurotransmitter is lacking in the motor system in parkinson’s
dopamine
what is the cause of parkinson’s?
unknown
some forms are genetically inherited
symptoms of parkinson’s
- resting tremor, slow movement, rigidity,festination
- varying rates of deterioration
speech symptoms of parkinson’s
low vocal volume, vocal tremor, imprecise and slow articulation
how is the disease treated?
no cure, but is managed with medication that supply part of the dopamine molecule to the brain
what is speech therapy for parkinson’s usually focused on?
- help people maintain skills
- slow down rate of decline in speech
- focus on techniques to maintain adequate vocal volume, which shows improvement in voice and artic
- oromotor exercises and speech over artic strategies also help
parkinsonism
a cluster of symptoms similar to those of parkinsons although secondary to another eitiology such as alzheimer’s or multiple strokes
what is Ms?
a disease in which the body’s immune system attacks the myelin surrounding neuronal axons
what is myelin?
the fatty substance that is contained in some specialized glial cells (support cells) in the central nervous system that wrap around the axons of neurons
-myelinated neurons can conduct neural signals at a much faster rate than unmyelinated neurons
how does the lack of myelin affect Ms?
nerual signals cannot travel as fast as they ordinarily would and as a result, motor movement is slow and imprecise
MS medical treatment?
corticosteroids
speech symptoms of MS
- imprecise articulation
- slow and labored speech
- hoarse and breathy vocal quality
- difficult maintaining volume
what does MS speech therapy focus on?
-compensatory strategies to maximize speech production
what is myasthenia gravis?
- problem occurs are neuromuscular junction
- autoimmune disease
- body attacks the muscular receptors for acetylcholine, an important neurotransmitter
- deterioration occurs quickly and regains function after a period of rest
MG treatment
-managed with drugs (mixed effects)
MG speech therapy
slp can give short term strategies for maximizing speech intelligibility
-augmentive communication strategies
embolic stroke
artery is blocked by an embolism, usually arterial plaque, but also possibly a blood clot
(not the worst kind of stroke)
hemorrhagic stroke
-a bleed in a blood vessel, often caused by hypertension
doesn’t respond to drugs, more serious
arteriovenous malformation
congenital defect in the vascular supply to the brain, AVMs are prone to hemmorhage
risk factors for cva
- hypertension (high blood pressure loosens the plaque which makes it liable to clot-embolism)
- diabetes (weakens blood vessels-hemorrhage)
- irregular heartbeat
prognosis depends on
-age, premorbid language function, location of lesion
verbal apraxia
praxis with speaking
oral apraxia
praxis with all voluntary movements
ex) can’t round lips OR produce /w/ sound
treatment for apraxia
- teaching placement
- giving feedback (Sensory)
white matter tracts
bundles of neurons the allow the brain to communicate with the body
upper motor neurons
connect cortex with brainstem and spinal cord
stroke affecting white matter symptoms
speech is slow and labored -imprecise -tongue is often bunched in back of mouth -harsh vocal quality -mandible doesn't open freely result=spastic dysarthria
white matter therapy focusses on…
- massaging muscles
- heat reduces muscle tensions
- reducing muscle tone
- improving range of motion
