Neuroethics

Question 1

ethics

Answer 1

concerns how we live - a sense that there is a right and wrong way to how we should live

Question 2

an ethical problem

Answer 2

one where we are not sure what to do, there is no clear sense of what the correct decision is

Question 3

bioethics

Answer 3

the ethics of medical and biological sciences

Question 4

neuroethics

Answer 4

the ethical, legal, and social impact of neuroscience

Question 5

principle of autonomy

Answer 5

having the freedom to determine one’s own actions and behaviours. it applies in both medical and research settings.

Question 6

a key aspect of autonomy

Answer 6

informed consent

Question 7

informed consent

Answer 7

having all the information to be able to weigh the costs and benefits before agreeing

Question 8

neuro-restoration

Answer 8

the use of manipulations to restore cognitive, affective, or behavioral functioning

Question 9

neuro-enhancement

Answer 9

the use of manipulation to enhance cognitive, affective or behavioural functioning

Question 10

psychosurgery

Answer 10

surgical removal or disruption of parts of the brain in an attempt to control psychiatric conditions or severe behavioural problrms

Question 11

neurosurgery

Answer 11

surgical removal of a tumor or to stop bleeding - there is physical identifiable cause for he surgery

Question 12

frontal lobotomy

Answer 12

became a common treatment in the 50s for psychosis, depression and neuroses.
it resulted in relief from anxiety and reduced symptoms. however, people were often left impaired.

Question 13

problems with frontal lobotomy

Answer 13

• patients and families were not informed of the potential consequences
• the procedure was performed disproportionally on women
• was performed involuntarily on children

Question 14

cingulotomy

Answer 14

more precise surgeries with fewer adverse effects than frontal lobotomy. has a reusable cost/benefit ratio.
reduced anxiety, depression and mostly commonly used for OCD or depression

Question 15

deep brain stimulation

Answer 15

has become a common treatment for Parkinson’s disease and for OCD.
there are accidental neuroenhancements during the neurorestorative procedure.

Question 16

OCD DBS (where do the electrodes go?)

Answer 16

electrodes are placed in the NAcc

Question 17

principle of desperation

Answer 17

if treatment is used as last-resort, and so patients place more emphasis on the benefits over the costs

Question 18

principle of anticipation

Answer 18

patient has unrealistic expectations of how good the results may be

Question 19

principle of equity

Answer 19

equal access between people for treatment and solutions

Question 20

extensive brain damage

Answer 20

may have far-reaching consequences, such as concussion, abuse during childhood, and people’s personalities transformed by damage across certain brain regions

Question 21

Phineas Gage

Answer 21

had a rode penetrate his frontal lobe. Notable behavioral changes following includes changes in personality, low mood, anti-social, he became a liar, had bad manners, and was unable to make plans.

Question 22

Parkinson’s disease therapy - possible effects

Answer 22

Some have reported developing artistic talents due to taking dopamine-enhancing medication. However, medication-induced changes are frequently not positive - dopamine medication can induce compulsive behavior

Question 23

is fMRI invasive?

Answer 23

no

Question 24

Brain-computer interfaces

Answer 24

enable actions without moving the body.
the BCI records the brain signal, sends the signal to a recording amplifier, which is based on training from previously collected data decodes the brain state, sends the information to an external controller which senses and actuates the motion.

Question 25

open-loop system

Answer 25

records the sensory signal and produces a motor response, but that is all.

Question 26

data security and privacy

Answer 26

data needs to be secure, and have legal protections and measures

Question 27

closed-loop system

Answer 27

bidirectional feedback.

it allows for feedback from the environment and from the patient to be considered in a future environment

Question 28

issues with bidirectional CBIs

Answer 28

• patient autonomy,
• potentially false expectations,
• responsibility for actions and data security and privacy

Question 29

mental monitoring privacy

Answer 29

there is a lot of potential for the detection of mental states that a subject may not want to share

Question 30

nudging (BCIs)

Answer 30

indirect suggestions to influence behavior based on information about us