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ANAT242 > Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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2
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are associated with the brainstem?

A

10 pairs

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3
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are associated with the forebrain?

A

2 pairs

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4
Q

What nervous system are the cranial nerves parts of?

A

peripheral

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5
Q

What are the sensory functions of the cranial nerves?

A

touch and pain for the face, special senses and visceral organs

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6
Q

What are the motor functions of the cranial nerves?

A

eye movement, jaw and tongue muscles, facial expression and visceral organ activity

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7
Q

What cranial nerves are associated with the forebrain?

A

I olfactory nerves

II optic nerves

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8
Q

What cranial nerves are associated with the midbrain?

A

III oculomotor nerves

IV trochlear nerves

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9
Q

what cranial nerves are associated with the pons?

A

V trigeminal nerves
VI abducens
VII facial
VIII vestibulocochlear

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10
Q

what cranial nerves are associated with the medulla?

A

IX glossopharyngeal nerves
X vagus nerves
XI accessory nerves
XII hypoglossal nerves

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11
Q

Olfactory nerves

A

consists of tiny sensory nerves. it runs from the nasal mucosa, passing through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to synapse with the olfactory bulb. this nerve provides a sense of smell.

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12
Q

What is the olfactory pathway?

A

Olfactory receptor cells → olfactory tract → olfactory cortex of temporal lobe (conscious perception of smell) → hippocampus (olfactory memory) → amygdala (emotional response) → reticular formation (visceral responses to smell)

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13
Q

Optic nerves

A

axons arising from the ganglia of the eye form the optic nerve. each optic nerve passes through its optic foramen of the orbit. nerves converge to form the optic chiasm and continue as optic tracts, enabling vision

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14
Q

Optic pathway

A

Local currents produced in response to light → rods & cones → bipolar neurons → ganglion → optic nerve → optic chiasm → optic tract → lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus → superior colliculus → primary visual cortex → visual association areas → complex visual processing

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15
Q

optic nerve

A

axons of the retinal ganglion cells

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16
Q

optic chiasm

A

fibers originated from the nasal retina cross over to the opposite side

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17
Q

optic tract

A

contains crossed axons from the nasal retina and uncrossed axons from the temporal retina

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18
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus

A

process and relays visual information to the visual cortex

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19
Q

superior colliculus

A

visual reflex centers controlling the extrinsic eye muscles

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20
Q

primary visual cortex

A

processes basic information and is involved in conscious perception of visual images

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21
Q

visual association cortex

A

processes visual information concerned with shape, colour and movement

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22
Q

what areas of the brain are involved in complex visual processing and what is their role?

A

ventral parts of the temporal lobe - identity objects in the visual field
parietal cortex - assess the spatial location of objects
frontal cortex - uses visual information to guide motor control

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23
Q

Oculomotor nerves

A

are mixed nerves, chiefly motor. they provide most of the movement for each eye.

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24
Q

what do somatic motor axons in the oculomotor nerves do?

A

they go to skeletal muscle. they go to four of the six extrinsic eye muscles (inferior oblique and superior, inferior and medial rectus muscles) to move the eyeball. they also act on the palpebral superiors muscle to raise the upper eyelid.

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25
Q

what do the parasympathetic motor axons in the oculomotor nerves do?

A

they got o smooth muscle. they go to the constrictor muscles of the iris, causing pupils to constrict. they also go to the ciliary muscles, which control the accomodation of the lens,

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26
Q

what do sensory afferents in the oculomotor nerves do?

A

send information from eye muscles to the midbrain

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27
Q

Trochlear Nerves

A

axons emerge from the dorsal midbrain, course ventrally around the midbrain, pass through the superior orbital fissure to the eye.
it is the only cranial nerve emerging from the dorsal brainstem.
it is primarily motor and supplies somatic motor axons to the superior oblique muscle which rotates the eye downwards and laterally.
this muscle has a tendon that hooks around a pulley called a trochlea.

28
Q

Trigeminal nerves

A

axons extend from face to pons (sensory) and from the pons to muscles (motor). cell bodies of sensory muscles are located in a large trigeminal ganglion.
this is the largest cranial nerve, and provides the main sensory input to the face.

29
Q

what are the three divisions of the trigeminal nerves?

A 
ophthalmic division (V1)
Maxillary division (V2)
Mandibular division (V3)
30
Q

Ophthalmic division

A

axons runs from face to pons via the superior orbital fissure. they convert sensory impulses from skin of anterior scalp, upper eyelid, nose, nasal cavity mucosa, lacrimal (tear) gland

31
Q

Maximally division

A

axons run from face to pons via foramen rotunda. they convey sensory impulses from nasal cavity mocusa, palate, upper teeth, the skin of cheeks and upper lip

32
Q

Mandibular division

A

axons pass through the skull via the foramen oval. they convey sensory impulses from the anterior tongue, lower teeth, skin of chin and temporal region of the scalp. this is the motor branch, which supplies motor axons to the muscles of mastication

33
Q

Abducens Nerves

A

axons leave the inferior pons and pass through the superior orbital fissure to the eye. it provides eye movement (abducts the eyeball)

34
Q

Facial Nerves

A

axons emerge from the pons, enter temporal bone via the internal auditory meatus and run within the bone before emerging through the stylomastoid foramen; course to the lateral aspect of the face.
the facial nerves are mixed nerves. they are the major motor axons of the face. they transmit parasympathetic motor impulses to lacrimal glands, nasal and salivary glands.
the facial nerves convey sensory impulses from taste buds of anterior 2/3 of the tongue

35
Q

what are the five branches of the facial nerves?

A
  1. temporal
  2. zygomatic
  3. buccal
  4. mandibular
  5. cervical
36
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerves

A

axons arise from the hearing and equilibrium apparatus within the inner ear of temporal bone, passing through the internal acoustic meatus to enter the brainstem at the pons-medulla border.
these nerves are purely sensory, they provide hearing and sense of balance.

37
Q

Vestibulocochlear Pathway

A

Cochlea → vestibulocochlear nerve → cochlear nucleus → superior olivary nucleus → inferior colliculus → thalamus (medial geniculate body) → primary auditory cortex (transverse temporal gyrus)

38
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerves

A

axons emerge from the medulla and skull through the jugular foramen. these are mixed nerves.
they supply motor axons to a pharyngeal muscle - stylopharyngess. there are parasympathetic motor axons send to the parotid salivary gland.
sensory axons conduct taste and general sensory impulses from chemoreceptors in the carotid body and pressure receptors of the carotid sinus.
they provide control over swallowing, salivation, gagging, sensations from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, control of blood pressure and respiration.

39
Q

Vagus nerves

A

axons emerge from the medulla, pass through the skull via the jugular foramen, descend through the neck region into the thorax and abdomen.
these nerves supply motor axons to skeletal muscles of the pharynx and larynx, and parasympathetic motor fibers supply the heart, lungs and abdominal viscera.
the sensory axons conduct sensory impulses from the thoracic and abdominal viscera, transmit sensory impulses from chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies, and pressure receptors of the carotid sinus, and conduct sensory impulses from taste buds of the posterior tongue and pharynx.
the vagus nerve is the only cranial nerve extending beyond the head and neck the thorax and abdomen.

40
Q

Accessory nerves

A

the cranial root joins with the axons of the vagus nerve to supply motor axons to the larynx, pharynx and soft palate.
there are mixed nerves, primarily motor. the spinal root supplies motor axons to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles, thereby providing head, back and shoulder movement.

41
Q

Hypoglossal nerves

A

axons arise by a series of roots from the medulla, exit from skill via hypoglassal canal to the tongue. axons emerge between the pyramid and the olive.
the hypoglossal nerves are primarily motor, they supply somatic motor axons to intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue. they provide tongue movement of speech, food manipulation and swallowing.

42
Q

Damage to the olfactory nerve

A

causes impaired sense of anosmia

43
Q

lesion of visual pathways

A

occurs due to tumours either in the pineal gland or hippocampus. these produce visual field defects called bitemporal hemianopsia

44
Q

damage in the oculomotor nerves

A

casues drooping of the upper eyelid, dilated pupils, double vision, difficulty focusing and inability to move eyes in certain directions

45
Q

damage to the trochlear nerves

A

casues double vision and inability to rotate the eye inferolateral

46
Q

damage to the trigeminal nerves

A

produces loss of sensation and impaired chewing

47
Q

What is tic douloureux?

A

as a result of inflammation to the trigeminal nerves produces excruciating pain. it is provokes by a sensory stimulus in the area of supply

48
Q

damage to the abducens nerves

A

results in inability to rotate the eye laterally and at rest the eye rotates medially - laxy eye

49
Q

damage to the facial nerves

A

produces sagging of facial muscles and disturbed sense of taste (missing sweet, salty and umami)

50
Q

Bell’s Palsy

A

paralysis of facial muscles and partial loss of taste. it occurs due to viral infection causing inflammation in the facial nerves

51
Q

damage to the vestibuocochlear nerves

A

produces deafness, dizziness, nausea, loss of balance and nystagmus (rapid involuntary eye movements)

52
Q

damage to the glossopharyngeal nerves

A

results in loss of bitter and sour taste, and impaired swallowing

53
Q

damage to the vagus nerve

A

casues hoarseness or loss of voice, impaired swallowing and digestive system motility

54
Q

damage to the cranial root

A

casues hoarseness or loss of voice and impaired swallowing

55
Q

damage to the accessory nerves

A

causes impaired head, neck and shoulder movement

56
Q

damage to the hypoglossal nerves

A

casues difficulty in speech and swallowing.
in both sites - inability to protrude tongue.
in one side - tongue deviates towards injuries side and results in ipsilateral atrophy

57
Q

Cribriform plate

A

pathway for the olfactory nerve

58
Q

Optic canal

A

pathway for the optic nerve

59
Q

Superior orbital fissure

A

pathway for the oculomotor nerve, the trochlear nerve, the trigeminal nerve ophthalmic division (V1), and the abducens nerve

60
Q

foramen rotundum

A

pathway for the trigeminal nerve Maxillary division (V2)

61
Q

foramen ovale

A

pathway for the trigeminal nerve Mandibular division (V3)

62
Q

foramen spinosum

A

pathway for the trigeminal nerve Mandibular division (V3) - meningeal branch

63
Q

internal acoustic meatus

A

pathway for the vestibulocochlear nerve and the facial nerve

64
Q

jugular foramen

A

pathway for the glossopharyngeal nerve, and vagus nerve and the accessory nerve

65
Q

hypoglossal canal

A

pathway for the hypoglossal nerve

ANAT242 (17 decks)

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