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Neuroscience Unit 4 > Neuroendocrinology > Flashcards

Neuroendocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Synaptic Communication

A

Chemical diffusing across synaptic clefts; causes change in the postsynaptic membrane

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2
Q

Autocrine Communication

A

Released chemicals act on the releasing cell itself, therefore affecting its own activity

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3
Q

Paracrine Communication

A

Released chemical signal diffuses to nearby target cells.

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4
Q

Pheromone Communication

A

Chemical signal released outside the body and affects members of the same species

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5
Q

Allomone Communication

A

A chemical signal released outside the body by one species to affect another species

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6
Q

Endocrine Communication

A

Hormone released into the bloodstream to selectively affect distant target organs

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7
Q

Define the Endocrine System

A

A system of glands that make hormones

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8
Q

Define endocrine glands

A

A gland that secretes hormones into the bloodstream

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9
Q

Define hormones

A

Chemicals secreted by endocrine cells that are carried through the bloodstream to act on other parts of the body

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10
Q

Characteristics of Hormone Actions

A

Frequently act gradually, changes may persist for various timings (even after hormone release is over); quantities and types often influenced by environmental factors.

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11
Q

IMPORTANT FACTORS about Hormone Actions

A

Produced in small amounts often bursts. Levels vary throughout the day. Can interact with and affect each other but only effect cells WITH ITS RECEPTOR.

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12
Q

2 types of feedback control mechanisms

A

Negative Feedback and TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone)

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13
Q

Define Neuroendocrinology

A

The study of the interaction between the nervous system and endocrine system

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14
Q

Define neuroendocrine cells

A

Neurosecretory cells; neuron that releases hormones into bloodstream

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15
Q

Define neuromodulators

A

A substance that influences the activity of synaptic transmitters

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16
Q

3 Major Classes of Hormones

A

Peptide, Amine, and Steroid

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17
Q

What do Peptide hormones bind to?

A

A string of amino acids

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18
Q

What do Amine hormones bind to?

A

Modified amino acids

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19
Q

What do Steroid hormones bind to?

A

Cholesterol derivative

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20
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

In the mid-line of the brain, very small secretory neuroendocrine organ

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21
Q

Affect of transcription factor

A

Controls expression of genes

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22
Q

Function of Pineal Gland

A

Reproductive maturation, body rhythms

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23
Q

Hormone secreted by Pineal Gland

A

Melatonin

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24
Q

What is the function of Melatonin?

A

Regulates sleep-wake cycle. In humans, secreted at night.

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25
Q

In hamsters, when does melatonin get produced?

A

During the non-breeding season.

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26
Q

Which nervous system innervates melatonin release?

A

CNS

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27
Q

Location of the hypothalamus

A

Ventral brain; above the pituitary gland and below the third ventricle

28
Q

Function of the Hypothalamus

A

Control of hormone secretions

29
Q

Location of the Pituitary Gland

A

Ventral part of the brain; looks like a pair of balls

30
Q

Another name of Pituitary Gland

A

Hypophysis

31
Q

Names for 2 balls of Pituitary Gland

A

Left is the Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis), Right is the Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)

32
Q

What hormones does the neurohypophysis secrete?

A

Vasopressin and Oxytocin

33
Q

Function of Oxytocin

A

Stimulates milk release, stimulated by suckling (breastfeeding)

34
Q

Nickname for Oxytocin

A

Social Bonding Hormone

35
Q

Define Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A

Developmental disorder characterized by impaired social interactions and language, as well as a narrow range of interests and activites

36
Q

Define Perseveration

A

Repeated Movement, part of ASD

37
Q

What’s genetic component

A

Chronic treatment of knockout mice with oxytocin early in life seemed to permanently restore social behavior in adulthood.

38
Q

Define Vasopressin

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

39
Q

Function of Vasopressin

A

Stimulated by low blood volume/pressure and hyperosmolality.

40
Q

Relationship between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

A

The hypothalamus inhibits or stimulates some of the hormones produced in the anterior pituitary gland

41
Q

Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis

A

HPA (Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis), HPT (hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis)

42
Q

Function of thyroid gland

A

Growth and Development, metabolic rate

43
Q

Function of adrenal cortex

A

Salt and carbohydrate metabolism, inflammatory reactions

44
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Emotional arousal (epinephrine)

45
Q

Effects of Cortisol

A

(The stress hormone) Shuts down digestion, increases blood pression, suppresses thyroid function

46
Q

HPA Axis

A

Cascade of endocrine pathways that respond to negative feedback loops

47
Q

HTA Axis

A

Functions to maintain normal, circulating levels of thyroid hormone

48
Q

Examples of gonads

A

Testes, Ovaries

49
Q

HPG Axis

A

Produces androgens (testosterone) and estrogens/progestins

50
Q

What is HPG

A

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis

51
Q

Effects of Estrogen in the Brain

A

Helps to maintain body temperature

52
Q

Effects of Estrogen in the Breasts

A

Stimulates the development of breasts at puberty

53
Q

Effects of Estrogen in Heart and Liver

A

Helps to regulate the liver’s production of cholestrol

54
Q

Effects of Estrogen in the Uterus

A

Stimulates the maturation of the uterus, prepares for a developing fetus

55
Q

Effects of Estrogen in the Ovaries

A

Maturation and starts a women’s cycle

56
Q

Effects of Estrogen in the Vagina

A

Maintains a thick and lubricated vaginal lining

57
Q

Effects of Estrogen on Bone

A

Helps to preserve density

58
Q

Effect of Testosterone on the Brain

A

Sex drive, feelings, and memory

59
Q

Effects of Testosterone on Skin

A

Produces facial hair and body hair

60
Q

Effects of Testosterone on Bone Marrow

A

Produces RBCs

61
Q

Effects of Testosterone on Bone

A

Maintains bone density

62
Q

Effects of Testosterone on Muscle

A

Strength and Muscle mass

63
Q

What is HPP

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-prolactin Axis

64
Q

Affect of Prolactin

A

Stimulates Milk production, stimulated by suckling

65
Q

HPGH Axis

A

Growth Hormone- Bone Growth

Neuroscience Unit 4 (5 decks)

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