Neuroendocrinology

Question 1

Synaptic Communication

Answer 1

Chemical diffusing across synaptic clefts; causes change in the postsynaptic membrane

Question 2

Autocrine Communication

Answer 2

Released chemicals act on the releasing cell itself, therefore affecting its own activity

Question 3

Paracrine Communication

Answer 3

Released chemical signal diffuses to nearby target cells.

Question 4

Pheromone Communication

Answer 4

Chemical signal released outside the body and affects members of the same species

Question 5

Allomone Communication

Answer 5

A chemical signal released outside the body by one species to affect another species

Question 6

Endocrine Communication

Answer 6

Hormone released into the bloodstream to selectively affect distant target organs

Question 7

Define the Endocrine System

Answer 7

A system of glands that make hormones

Question 8

Define endocrine glands

Answer 8

A gland that secretes hormones into the bloodstream

Question 9

Define hormones

Answer 9

Chemicals secreted by endocrine cells that are carried through the bloodstream to act on other parts of the body

Question 10

Characteristics of Hormone Actions

Answer 10

Frequently act gradually, changes may persist for various timings (even after hormone release is over); quantities and types often influenced by environmental factors.

Question 11

IMPORTANT FACTORS about Hormone Actions

Answer 11

Produced in small amounts often bursts. Levels vary throughout the day. Can interact with and affect each other but only effect cells WITH ITS RECEPTOR.

Question 12

2 types of feedback control mechanisms

Answer 12

Negative Feedback and TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone)

Question 13

Define Neuroendocrinology

Answer 13

The study of the interaction between the nervous system and endocrine system

Question 14

Define neuroendocrine cells

Answer 14

Neurosecretory cells; neuron that releases hormones into bloodstream

Question 15

Define neuromodulators

Answer 15

A substance that influences the activity of synaptic transmitters

Question 16

3 Major Classes of Hormones

Answer 16

Peptide, Amine, and Steroid

Question 17

What do Peptide hormones bind to?

Answer 17

A string of amino acids

Question 18

What do Amine hormones bind to?

Answer 18

Modified amino acids

Question 19

What do Steroid hormones bind to?

Answer 19

Cholesterol derivative

Question 20

Where is the pineal gland located?

Answer 20

In the mid-line of the brain, very small secretory neuroendocrine organ

Question 21

Affect of transcription factor

Answer 21

Controls expression of genes

Question 22

Function of Pineal Gland

Answer 22

Reproductive maturation, body rhythms

Question 23

Hormone secreted by Pineal Gland

Answer 23

Melatonin

Question 24

What is the function of Melatonin?

Answer 24

Regulates sleep-wake cycle. In humans, secreted at night.

Question 25

In hamsters, when does melatonin get produced?

Answer 25

During the non-breeding season.

Question 26

Which nervous system innervates melatonin release?

Answer 26

CNS

Question 27

Location of the hypothalamus

Answer 27

Ventral brain; above the pituitary gland and below the third ventricle

Question 28

Function of the Hypothalamus

Answer 28

Control of hormone secretions

Question 29

Location of the Pituitary Gland

Answer 29

Ventral part of the brain; looks like a pair of balls

Question 30

Another name of Pituitary Gland

Answer 30

Hypophysis

Question 31

Names for 2 balls of Pituitary Gland

Answer 31

Left is the Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis), Right is the Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)

Question 32

What hormones does the neurohypophysis secrete?

Answer 32

Vasopressin and Oxytocin

Question 33

Function of Oxytocin

Answer 33

Stimulates milk release, stimulated by suckling (breastfeeding)

Question 34

Nickname for Oxytocin

Answer 34

Social Bonding Hormone

Question 35

Define Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Answer 35

Developmental disorder characterized by impaired social interactions and language, as well as a narrow range of interests and activites

Question 36

Define Perseveration

Answer 36

Repeated Movement, part of ASD

Question 37

What's genetic component

Answer 37

Chronic treatment of knockout mice with oxytocin early in life seemed to permanently restore social behavior in adulthood.

Question 38

Define Vasopressin

Answer 38

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Question 39

Function of Vasopressin

Answer 39

Stimulated by low blood volume/pressure and hyperosmolality.

Question 40

Relationship between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

Answer 40

The hypothalamus inhibits or stimulates some of the hormones produced in the anterior pituitary gland

Question 41

Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis

Answer 41

HPA (Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis), HPT (hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis)

Question 42

Function of thyroid gland

Answer 42

Growth and Development, metabolic rate

Question 43

Function of adrenal cortex

Answer 43

Salt and carbohydrate metabolism, inflammatory reactions

Question 44

Adrenal medulla

Answer 44

Emotional arousal (epinephrine)

Question 45

Effects of Cortisol

Answer 45

(The stress hormone) Shuts down digestion, increases blood pression, suppresses thyroid function

Question 46

HPA Axis

Answer 46

Cascade of endocrine pathways that respond to negative feedback loops

Question 47

HTA Axis

Answer 47

Functions to maintain normal, circulating levels of thyroid hormone

Question 48

Examples of gonads

Answer 48

Testes, Ovaries

Question 49

HPG Axis

Answer 49

Produces androgens (testosterone) and estrogens/progestins

Question 50

What is HPG

Answer 50

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis

Question 51

Effects of Estrogen in the Brain

Answer 51

Helps to maintain body temperature

Question 52

Effects of Estrogen in the Breasts

Answer 52

Stimulates the development of breasts at puberty

Question 53

Effects of Estrogen in Heart and Liver

Answer 53

Helps to regulate the liver's production of cholestrol

Question 54

Effects of Estrogen in the Uterus

Answer 54

Stimulates the maturation of the uterus, prepares for a developing fetus

Question 55

Effects of Estrogen in the Ovaries

Answer 55

Maturation and starts a women's cycle

Question 56

Effects of Estrogen in the Vagina

Answer 56

Maintains a thick and lubricated vaginal lining

Question 57

Effects of Estrogen on Bone

Answer 57

Helps to preserve density

Question 58

Effect of Testosterone on the Brain

Answer 58

Sex drive, feelings, and memory

Question 59

Effects of Testosterone on Skin

Answer 59

Produces facial hair and body hair

Question 60

Effects of Testosterone on Bone Marrow

Answer 60

Produces RBCs

Question 61

Effects of Testosterone on Bone

Answer 61

Maintains bone density

Question 62

Effects of Testosterone on Muscle

Answer 62

Strength and Muscle mass

Question 63

What is HPP

Answer 63

Hypothalamic-pituitary-prolactin Axis

Question 64

Affect of Prolactin

Answer 64

Stimulates Milk production, stimulated by suckling

Question 65

HPGH Axis

Answer 65

Growth Hormone- Bone Growth