Motor Control

Question 1

5 Levels of Motor Control

Answer 1

Skeletal Muscle, Spinal Control, Brainstem, Primary Motor Cortex, Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia

Question 2

3 types of Muscle Tissue

Answer 2

Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

Question 3

Function of Skeletal Muscle

Answer 3

Gross Body Movements

Question 4

Function of Cardiac Muscle

Answer 4

Circulation of Blood

Question 5

Function of Smooth Muscle

Answer 5

Support for visceral organs

Question 6

Function of Muscles

Answer 6

Contraction (Muscle Shortening), movement

Question 7

Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle

Answer 7

Striated, Voluntary, Multinucleated, Largest cell size of muscle types

Question 8

Breakdown of Muscle Tissue

Answer 8

Skeletal Muscle> Fascicle> Muscle Fiber> Myofibril

Question 9

Nervous System that innervates Skeletal Muscle

Answer 9

Somatic Nervous System

Question 10

Synonyms for the Somatic Motor Neuron

Answer 10

Lower Motor Neuron
Alpha Motor Neuron

Question 11

Ventral Horn

Answer 11

Butterfly dark inside of spinal cord that helps control motor movements

Question 12

Description of Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)

Answer 12

Aceytcholine and Na in, ya!

Question 13

Mechanism of Action of Curare

Answer 13

Blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at NMJ

Question 14

Effect of Curare

Answer 14

Diminish muscle contraction

Question 15

Mechanism of Action of Myasthenia Gravis

Answer 15

Immune system attacks acetylcholine receptors at NMJ

Question 16

Effect of Myasthenia Gravis

Answer 16

Weakness of skeletal muscles

Question 17

Mechanism of Action of Poliomyelitis

Answer 17

Attacks somatic motor neurons

Question 18

Effect of poliomyelitis

Answer 18

Paralysis of body parts

Question 19

Mechanism of Action of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Answer 19

Genetic disorder that progressively degenerate skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers

Question 20

Nerves in Peripheral Nervous System (Brain)

Answer 20

12 pairs

Question 21

Nerves in Peripheral Nervous System (Spine)

Answer 21

31 pairs

Question 22

Motor Unit

Answer 22

Combination of an individual motor neuron and muscle fiber that it innervates

Question 23

Motor Neuron Pool

Answer 23

All the motor neurons innervating a single muscle

Question 24

Thickest Muscle Tissue

Answer 24

Skeletal Myofiber

Question 25

3 sources of Energy for Skeletal Muscles

Answer 25

Creatine phosphate, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation

Question 26

Glycolysis

Answer 26

Uses glucose to produce ATP (very little ATP-2)

Question 27

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 27

Uses oxygen, fats, protein, and sugars to produce ATP (a lot-36)

Question 28

Creatine Phosphate

Answer 28

Reserve of high energy phosphates (think storage)

Question 29

3 Skeletal Muscle Types

Answer 29

Slow Oxidative, Fast Oxidative, Fast Glycolytic

Question 30

Slow Oxidative Fibers

Answer 30

Contract Slowly, Burn ATP Slowly, need so much blood; dark red

Question 31

Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibers

Answer 31

Don't need much oxygen, therefore medium amount of myoglobin; pink

Question 32

Fast Glycolytic Fiber

Answer 32

Does not need any blood, therefore no myoglobin; white

Question 33

Are all three muscle types found in every muscle?

Answer 33

Yes

Question 34

Sequence for when muscle types are activated?

Answer 34

1. Slow-Oxidative Fibers 2. Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibers 3. Fast-Glycolytic Fibers

Question 35

Muscle Type with Least Tension

Answer 35

Slow-Oxidative Fibers

Question 36

Muscle Type least to fatigue

Answer 36

Slow Oxidative Fibers

Question 37

Define Proprioception

Answer 37

Awareness of position and movement of the body

Question 38

Describe the stretch reflex

Answer 38

The contraction of a muscle in response to passive stretching

Question 39

Describe the golgi tendon reflex

Answer 39

Also known as the inverse stretch reflex; inhibitory effect on the muscle resulting from muscle tension stimulating the Golgi tendon organ-> self induced

Question 40

Describe the Upper Motor Neuron

Answer 40

Neuron whose cell body begins in the cerebral cortex and terminates in brainstem/spinal cord.

Question 41

Describe the Lower Motor Neurons

Answer 41

Responsible from transmitting the signals from the upper motor neuron to the effector muscle responsible for movement.

Question 42

Describe the Primary Motor Cortex

Answer 42

Located in front of the central sulcus, the area that provides the most important signals for production of movement.

Question 43

PMC Somatotopy

Answer 43

PMC is known to have a somatotopic map as it is very organized with different regions of the cortex responsible for movements of the face, arm, or leg.

Question 44

PMC Homunculus

Answer 44

A topographic representation of the body parts along the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

Question 45

Function of Basal Ganglia

Answer 45

Responsible for motor control, as well as motor learning, executive functions, and emotions.

Question 46

Structures of the Basal Ganglia

Answer 46

5 pairs of nuclei, found in the center of the brain

Question 47

Anatomy of the Cerebellum

Answer 47

The cerebrocerebellum, the spinocerebellum and the vestibulocerebellum.

Question 48

Function of the Cerebellum

Answer 48

Controls balance for walking and standing, and other complex motor functions.