Biological Rhythms and Sleep

Question 1

Circadian Rhythms

Answer 1

A pattern of behavioral, biochemical, or physiological fluctuation that has a 24-hour period

Question 2

Circa-

Answer 2

about

Question 3

-Dies

Answer 3

Day

Question 4

Diurnal

Answer 4

Active during the light periods of daily cycle

Question 5

Nocturnal

Answer 5

Active during the dark periods of the daily cycle

Question 6

Free-running

Answer 6

Rhythm of behavior shown by an animal deprived of external cues about time of day

Question 7

Retinohypothalamic Tract

Answer 7

Master pacemaker for circadian rhythm

Question 8

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

Answer 8

“the master clock”; Right above pituitary gland

Question 9

SCN Lesion

Answer 9

Cause arrhythmia (abolishment of circadian rhythm)

Question 10

SCN Transplant

Answer 10

Produced free-running activity of 20 hours

Question 11

Circadian Rhythm in Infants

Answer 11

24 hour rhythm evident at 16 weeks. SHORTER sleep cycles.

Question 12

2 genes/proteins in SCN that help with Clock/Cycle

Answer 12

Period (Per) and Cryptochrome (Cry)

Question 13

Sleep Stages

Answer 13

Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3, Stage 4, REM

Question 14

Beta Activity in Sleep

Answer 14

Mix of many different high frequencies with low amplitude

Question 15

Alpha Rhythms

Answer 15

Lower frequency, higher amplitude

Question 16

Delta Waves

Answer 16

lower frequency, higher amplitude

Question 17

Stage 1

Answer 17

Alpha rhythms appear during relaxation. Vertex spikes appear.

Question 18

Vertex Spikes

Answer 18

Sharp waves

Question 19

Stage 2

Answer 19

Brief periods of sleep spindles and K complexes.

Question 20

K complex

Answer 20

Weird big big spike

Question 21

Stage 3

Answer 21

Slow-wave sleep is recognized by large slow delta waves.

Question 22

REM

Answer 22

Map looks like that of being awake. Deep Muscle Relaxation in this stage.

Question 23

Sleep by Age

Answer 23

More REM the younger.

Question 24

Sleep Deprivation

Answer 24

Partial or Total Prevention of sleep

Question 25

Sleep Recovery

Answer 25

The process of sleeping more than is normal, after a period of sleep deprivation (COMPENSATION)

Question 26

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

Answer 26

Network of neurons located in brain stem that mediate behavior and project to cortex for promotion of wakefulness.

Question 27

Narcolepsy

Answer 27

Disorder that involve frequent, intense episodes of sleep. Can last from 5-30 minutes, and happen anytime.

Question 28

Cataplexy

Answer 28

Sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to collapse of the body without loss of consciousness. Can be triggered by sudden intense emotions.

Question 29

Treatment for Narcolepsy and Cataplexy

Answer 29

Amphetamines during the day

Question 30

Orexins in Sleep

Answer 30

Neuropeptides involved in switching between sleep states, and the control of appetite. Those with narcolepsy have lost about 90% of hypocretin neurons

Question 31

Fatal Familial Insomnia

Answer 31

Genetic disorder in which humans sleep normally at the beginning of their life, but stop sleeping in the middle and die 7-24 months later.

Question 32

Sleep Apnea

Answer 32

A sleep disorder in which respiration slows or stop periodically, waking the person

Question 33

Obstructive Apnea

Answer 33

Progressive relaxation of chest muscles, diaphragm, throat cavity

Question 34

Central Apnea

Answer 34

Brainstem stops sending signals to respiratory muscles to breathe

Question 35

Effects of Sleep Apnea

Answer 35

Excessive daytime sleepiness results from the frequent nocturnal wakening

Question 36

Treatment for Sleep Apnea

Answer 36

CPAP machine

Question 37

CPAP

Answer 37

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure