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Nervous System > Neuroendocrine System - 26 > Flashcards

Neuroendocrine System - 26 Flashcards

1
Q

This structures is known as the “master regulator of homeostasis.”

A

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

What kind of info does the hypothalamus receive?

A

The hypothalamus receives descending information from the brain, ascending visceral and somatic sensory information, and chemosensory information.

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3
Q

What 5 things does the hypothalamus control?

A

Control of blood flow/volume Regulation of energy metabolism Regulation of temperature Regulation of reproductive function Coordination of responses to stress

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4
Q

How does the hypothalamus control blood flow/volume?

A

It controls adjustments to cardiac output, vascular tone, blood osmolarity, renal clearance and the urge to drink water/take in salt.

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5
Q

How does the hypothalamus regulate energy metabolism?

A

It monitors blood glucose levels and feeding behavior, digestive functions and metabolic rate.

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6
Q

How does the hypothalamus regulate temperature?

A

It alters the amount of thermogenesis and stimulates behaviors such as seeking colder or warmer environments (getting in shade)

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7
Q

How is the hypothalamus in control of of reproductive function?

A

It influences gender identity, sexual orientation, mating behavior and (in females) menstrual cycle, lactation and pregnancy.

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8
Q

How does the hypothalamus coordinate responses to stress?

A

It regulates the amount of stress hormones and controls the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity.

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9
Q

What are the three regions of the hypothalamus?

A

Anterior, tuberal, and posterior regions

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10
Q

What is the most inferior part of the anterior region? What does it control?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus : circadian rhythm

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11
Q

What does the anterior hypothalamus do?

A

Integrates different types of sensory info to determine if there is a deviation from physiologic norm. Controls blood pressure/composition, body temp, reproductive activity, many hormone levels, and circadian rhythm

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12
Q

What are the important nucleus of the Tuberal hypothalamus?

A

Dorsomedial/ventromedial nucleus Paraventricular nucleus Arcuate nucleus/periventricular nucleus Supraoptic nucleus

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13
Q

What does the Dorsomedial/ventromedial nucleus do?

A

Projects within the hypothalamus to regulate complex integrative functions (growth, feeding, reproduction)

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14
Q

What does the Paraventricular nucleus do?

A

Controls the posterior and anterior pituitary gland. Contains neurons that innervate both the sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons thereby controlling autonomic function.

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15
Q

What type of cells are contained within the paraventricular nucleus? What do they do?

A

Both magnocellular and parvocellular components control the posterior and anterior pituitary gland.

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16
Q

What kind of neurons are contained within the periventricular and arcuate nucleus?

A

Parvocellular neuroendocrine neurons

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17
Q

What kind of neurons are contained within the Supraoptic nucleus?

A

Magnocellular neuroendocrine cells

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18
Q

Remember this picture:

A
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19
Q

What are the main regions of the posterior hypothalamus?

A

the Mammillary body, Posterior hypothalamic region, and tuberomammillary nucleus.

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20
Q

What does the posterior hypothalamus do?

A

Not well understood

Tuberomammillary nucleus composed of histamineric neurons that control arousal and wakefulness

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21
Q

Name the structures

A
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22
Q

Name the structures

A
23
Q
A
24
Q
A
25
Q
A
26
Q
A
27
Q

Where are Parvocellular endocrine neurons located?

A

In the paraventricular, periventricular, and arcuate nuclei

28
Q

Where are magnocellular endocrine neurons located?

A

In the Paraventricular and Supraoptic nuclei

29
Q

Where do the magnocellular endocrine neurons project to? What do they do?

A

Directly to the posterior pituitary gland

They release neuropeptides directly into the bloodstream

30
Q

What are the two kinds of Parvocellular cell types?

A

Parvocellular Neurons, and parvocellular autonomic neurons

31
Q

What do parvocellular endocrine neurons do?

A

They project to the “portal vasculture” of the anterior pituitary gland. Release their neuropeptides through the portal blood system, down to the pituitary, that then produce/release their own hormones

32
Q

Parvocellular endocrine neurons control the endocrine system ____________ by secreting regulatory hormones into the _______________________, which feeds the anterior pituitary.

A

Indirectly : local portal circulation

33
Q

Magnocellular endocrine neurons control the endocrine system ___________ by secreting regulatory hormones into _________________.

A

Directly : the general circulation

34
Q

What two neuropeptides are released by magnocellular neurons?

A

Oxytocin and vasopressin

35
Q

What do the parvocellular endocrine neurons release?

A

Several releasing and inhibiting hormones

36
Q

What do the parvocellular autonomic neurons release?

A

Oxytocin and vasopressin

37
Q

Where do the parvocellular endocrine neurons project?

A

Anterior petuitary

38
Q

Where do the parvocellular autonomic neurons project to?

A

The preganglionic autonomic neurons (medulla/spinal cord)

39
Q

How are the parvocellular autonomic neurons different from the magnocellular endocrine neurons since they both release oxytocin and vasopressin?

A

The PAneurons release them into a synapse and they act as a neuropeptides.

the magnocellular release them into the bloodstream as a hormone.

40
Q

What does vasopressin do when released by the magnocellular endocrine neurons?

A

Vasoconstriction, water resorption by the kidneys (^blood pressure)

41
Q

What does oxytocin do when released by magnocellular endocrine neurons?

A

Uterine contraction and milk ejection

42
Q

What 2 neuropeptides are released from the parvocellular endocrine neurons?

A

TRH - thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and CRH - corticotropin-releasing hormone

43
Q

What is thyrotropin?

A

Thyrotropin - TSH - Thyroid stimulating hormone : stimulates release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland : enhances metabolism and grown.

44
Q

What is adrenocorticotropin?

A

ACTH - Stimulates the production of mineralo- and gluco-corticosteroids from the adrenal gland and promotes release of androgenic steroids

45
Q

What does the fact that humans maintain the same body weight for years show?

A

Feeding behavior is subject to a control mechanism.

46
Q

What types of things can alter the “set point” of a person’s body weight?

A

Stress, exercise, palatability of food

47
Q

What portion of the brain controls feeding?

A

The hypothalamus controls part of it.likely several nuclei

48
Q

What hormones regulate feeding?

A

Ghrelin, Leptin, and POMC

49
Q

What is ghrelin?

A

A hormone that is secreted by the stomach prior to feeding; signal for hunger

50
Q

What is leptin?

A

A hormone secreted by adipocytes following feeding; signal for satiety

51
Q

What is POMC? What is one of its neuropeptides?

A

Pro-opiomelanocortin; secreted by hypothalamic cells in response to ghrelin and leptin : Alpha-MSH

52
Q

What is Alpha-MSH? WHat is its receptor?

A

A neuropeptides encoded by POMC; regulates satiety via binding to its receptor : MCR4

53
Q

Where is MCR4 found?

A

Several brainstem nuclei

Nervous System (10 decks)

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