Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nervous System > GABA System, Sedative-Hypnotic & Anxiolytic Drugs - 28 > Flashcards

GABA System, Sedative-Hypnotic & Anxiolytic Drugs - 28 Flashcards

1
Q

How many types of GABAa subunits have been identified?

A

18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How can you gain region or effect specificity when targeting the GABAa receptor?

A

By targeting specific GABAa receptor sub-types (subunit combos)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are GABAa receptor subtype selective drugs called?

A

Z-Drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Z-Drugs are structurally similar to the barbiturates and benzodiazepines. They bind to the same site as benzos. (Statement 1/Statement 2)

A

S1 - F : S2 - T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the Z-drugs known as?

A

Sedative Hypnotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do Z-drugs relate to BDZs?

A

Less day-after psychomotor depression : less amnesia effects : more selective for GABAa Alpha-1-subunit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What general effects do Z-drugs have?

A

Shorten sleep latency, prolongs sleep time : (Less likely to change sleep patterns)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an example of a Z-Drug? Its half-life? Something interesting about it?

A

Zolpidem (Ambien) : 2.5hrs : Women metabolize it more slowly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How are Z-Drugs metabolized?

A

By P450s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What effect would barbituates in your system have on your metabolization of Zolpidem?

A

It would make the Zolpidem less effective (metabolize faster)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Safety and Adverse effects of Z-drugs:

A

Wakeful behavior/amnesia : Low tolerance when used as directed : Few withdrawal reactions (some with long term use) : NO TOLERANCE TO THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are “centrally acting muscle relaxants”?

A

Drugs that diminish output of nerve impulses to voluntary muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are examples of centrally acting muscle relaxants?

A

Diazepam, Mephenesin, Baclofen (GABAb agonist)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Baclofen used for?

A

Trigeminal Neuralgia, MS and spinal cord injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why do epilepsy and seizures happen?

A

Excessive excitability of neurons in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The term “seizure” refers to:

A

A general term referring to all types of epileptic events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The term “convulsion” refers to:

A

Abnormal motor phenomenon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

All __________ can be called ____________, but not all _____________ can be called ________________.

A

Convulsions : seizures : seizures : convulsions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

If a seizure stays in one part of the brain, it is called a _______________

A

Partial seizure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

If a seizure spreads to a larger area of the brain, it is called a ________________.

A

Generalized seizure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the difference between seizures and epilepsy?

A

Seizures can be symptoms of an underlying condition due to genetics, trauma, infection, tumor, autoimmune disorders, or pharmacology. :
Epilepsy is a disease defined by recurrent seizures and accompanying increases in electrical neural activity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How many people are effected by epilepsy?

A

50 million people worldwide (30% without good control)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Partial seizures can be ______________ or _________________.

A

Simple or complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Simple partial seizures:

A

Effect 1 part of the brain : have a specific disturbance (motor, sensory, speech) : consciousness unimpaired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Complex partial seizures:

A

Effect more than one area of the brain : can induce dreamy/blank/vacant state with automated movements : impairment of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Generalized seizures can be _______________ or __________________.

A

Convulsive or nonconvulsive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the 2 phases of a convulsive seizure?

A

Tonic (flexed) and Clonic (relaxed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What may happen during a convulsive seizure?

A

Contraction of respiratory muscles (little/no breathing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is an example of a non-convulsive seizure?

A

Petit Mal : sudden/brief cessation in activity

30
Q

Basic First aid for Seizures:

A

Cushion head, turn on side, look for ID, loosen neckwear, offer help when it ends

31
Q

Diagnosis and AED selection:

A

Specific antiepileptic drugs for specific seizure disorders : make physiological/neurological assessments over time : EEG Essential

32
Q

What are the primary mechanisms of action for anticonvulsive drugs?

A

Promote GABA activity : Keep Na channels inactivated : Keep Ca channels inactivated

33
Q

What were the negative effects that made Phenobarbital not great as the first anticonvulsant?

A

Induces its own metabolism : tolerance develops to anti-convulsive effects : highly sedating

34
Q

When is phenobarbital used today?

A

Rarely, for partial and general seizures : mostly in children

35
Q

What drugs are used to stop status epilepticus?

A

Diazepam and lorazepam

36
Q

Why are benzos not used as mainstay anticonvulsive therapy?

A

They cause cerebellar toxicity

37
Q

Examples of anticonvulsive drugs that target Na channels:

A

Phenytoin & Carbamazepine

38
Q

Examples of anticonvulsive drugs that target Ca channels:

A

Ethosuximide

39
Q

Examples of anticonvulsive drugs that target both Na and Ca channels:

A

Valproic Acid

40
Q

Action potentials rely on activation of ____________________

A

Voltage gated Na, K, and Ca channels

41
Q

T/F voltage gated channels go from closed to open depending on the membrane potential.

A

F - the go from Closed - Open - Inactive - Closed - Open ………

42
Q

How does Phenytoin work? How is it used? Positive/negative characteristic?

A

Binds “inactive” Na channels and slows recovery : used as mainstay treatment for partial/generalized seizures : Relatively non-sedating/narrow therapeutic window - metabolism saturates (cant break down as expected)

43
Q

Side effects of Phenytoin:

A

Cerebellar toxicity : Gingival hyperplasia : many drug-drug interaction

44
Q

How do Carbamazepines work? How are they used? Negatives to it?

A

Delays Na channel recovery : used for partial complex seizures : cerebellar toxicity - induces P450 - metabolized by P450s

45
Q

How do ethosuximides work? What are they used for? Pros/Cons?

A

Inactivated Ca channels : absence seizures : NO CEREBELLAR TOXICITY - GI distress, headache, dizziness

46
Q

How does Valproic acid work? When is it used?

A

Inactivated Na AND Ca channels and inhibits GABA metabolism : for partial, general, and absence seizures

47
Q

Side effects of Valproic Acid

A

Thrombocytopenia, inhibition of P450

48
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

Deficiency of platelets in the blood (slow blood clotting and bleeding into tissues/bruising)

49
Q

Why is it bad to inhibit P450s?

A

Causes hyperammonemic metabolic disturbance (build up of ammonia) causing hepatotoxicity (liver toxicity)

50
Q

What are the newest anticonvulsant drugs?

A

Lamotrigine and Gabapentin

51
Q

How does Gabapentin work? What is it used for?

A

Increases GABA : partial seizures : dizziness/drowsiness

52
Q

How does Lamotrigine work?

A

Prolongs sodium channel inactivation and blocks glutamate release :

53
Q

What are some “other uses” for antiepileptic drugs?

A

Used to treat Mania and Neuropathic pain (trigeminal neuralgia)

54
Q

What are the common toxicities of antiepileptic drugs?

A

Cerebellar toxicity: ataxia/nystagmus, sedation, drug interactions (induce/inhibit P450s)

55
Q

What are some negative effects that antiepileptic drugs may have on a fetus? Why would someone still take them?

A

Valproic acid has high risk of spina bifida/neural tube defects, oral facial clefts : risk from uncontrolled seizures is greater than risk from AED

56
Q

What things can you do for a woman taking AEDs while pregnant?

A

Use lowest effective dose : use only 1 AED : Supplement folic acid : Supplement Vit K

57
Q

T/F AED are CNS depressants

A

TRUE

58
Q

What are some examples of drugs that will effect metabolism of other drugs through P450 interactions?

A

Phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid, oral contraceptives

59
Q

What are some dental related side effects of AEDs?:

A

Increased incidence of infection : xerostomia : gingival hypertophy :delayed healing : bleeding gums : postop bleeding

60
Q

When does autism become apparent?

A

In the first 3 years

61
Q

Autism affects the development of _________________________.

A

Social and communication skills

62
Q

How prevalent is autism today?

A

1 in 68 - 4:1 male:female

63
Q

What are some examples of comorbid conditions to autism?

A

Anxiety disorder, ADHD, sensory integration dysfunction, immune disorders, neuroinflammation

64
Q

T/F Children with autism will stop progressing indefinitely

A

F - early intervention is key

65
Q

Does autism influence life expectancy?

A

NO - but there is a higher incidence of accidental death

66
Q

What is Asperger syndrome? Characteristics?

A

High functioning autism : normal language development, socially inappropriate, hyper/hyposensitive to sensory input

67
Q

Symptoms of Autism:

A

Lack of pretend play : impaired social interactions : impaired verbal/nonverbal communication : sensitive to change : trouble remaining still : tantrums

68
Q

What are some common medications prescribed for autism?

A

Risperidone, methylphenidate, SSRIs

69
Q

What are some examples of damaging oral habits displayed by some with autism?

A

Bruxism, Self-injurious behavior (picking at gingiva), eating/chewing gravel, pens…

70
Q

What are good approaches when treating autistic patients?

A

Work with the family, adjust expectations, reduce distractions, be sensitive to sound, maintain routine, praise good behavior, may need to sedate.

Nervous System (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions