Autonomic Nervous System (slide 8 on) - 25

Question 1

A1 Adrenergic Receptor (AR) Genes:

Answer 1

A1a, A1b, A1d

Question 2

A1 AR Functions:

Answer 2

Contraction of smooth muscle: Blood pressure, Baroreflex (heart rate), Temperature… Also, Broncho-constriction, regulation of lipid metabolism, glucose uptake by adipocytes, contractile functions in tissues such as the vas deferens

Question 3

A1 AR agonists will treat:

Answer 3

Hypotension

Question 4

A1 AR Antagonists will treat:

Answer 4

Hypertension

Question 5

Common nonselective agonist of A1ARs:

Answer 5

Phenylephrine

Question 6

A2AR Genes

Answer 6

A2a, A2b, A2c

Question 7

NOTE: there is a lack of truly specific agonists and antagonists for A2ARs so difficult to discern their true functions. (Knockout mice have helped)

Answer 7

NOTE: there is a lack of truly specific agonists and antagonists for A2ARs so difficult to discern their true functions.

Question 8

What is A2aAR important for?

Answer 8

Agonist mediated lowering of blood pressure and sedation.

Question 9

What is A2bAR involved in?

Answer 9

Vascular hypertensive effects (opposite of A2aAR)

Question 10

What function do Imidazole compounds have? Where are they applied when having this effect?

Answer 10

When applied peripherally, they lower blood pressure

Question 11

What are 2 drugs that, when applied peripherally, will have the effect of lowering blood pressure?

Answer 11

Imidazoles: moxonidine and rilmenidine

Question 12

What effect will a partial agonist of A2aAR have?

Answer 12

It will lower blood pressure without sedation.

Question 13

What effect do A2-ARs have?

Answer 13

They tend to lower blood pressure (strange for an adrenergic receptor)

Question 14

Genes of Beta Adrenergic Receptors (BARs)

Answer 14

B1, B2, B3

Question 15

B1-AR effect/location

Answer 15

Acts in the heart to increase heart rate and blood pressure (most common in body)

Question 16

B2-AR effects/location

Answer 16

Acts in the lungs to induce bronchodilator and vasodilation; also can increase blood pressure (depends on GPCR it is coupled to)

Question 17

B3-AR effects/location

Answer 17

Acts in adipocytes for lipolysis as well as relaxation of uterus and bladder.

Question 18

What is the most common reason for use of B-blockers? How do they typically act?

Answer 18

Treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They typically act as antagonists of B1-AR

Question 19

What are the most common B-blockers?

Answer 19

Metoprolol, atenolol and propranolol (acts on B2-AR as well)

Question 20

What would you use to treat bronchoconstriction associated with asthma? What drug?

Answer 20

A B2-AR selective agonist. Albuterol

Question 21

Nuclei of the Parasympathetic Nervous System and the nerves they travel with.

Answer 21

(Midbrain)Edwinger-Westphal nucleus&raquo_space; Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
(Upper medulla) Salivatory Nuclei&raquo_space; Facial nerve (VII) and glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
(Middle medulla) Dorsal motor nucleus&raquo_space; Vagus nerve (X)
(Middle medulla) Nucleus Ambiguus&raquo_space; Vagus nerve (X)

Question 22

EWN full path

Answer 22

EWN>CN III> ciliary ganglion > Pupillary constrictor and cilia muscle

Question 23

Salivatory nucleus full path

Answer 23

Salivatory nuclei > CN VII > Pterygopalatine ganglion > Lacrimal gland/palatal/pharyngeal/nasal mucous glands
Salivatory nuclei > CN VII > submandibular ganglion > submandibular and sublingual glands/mucous glands of oral cavity
Inferior Salivatory Nucleus > CN IX > Otic Ganglion > Parotid/oral cavity

Question 24

Dorsal Vagal Nucleus/Nucleus Ambiguus full path

Answer 24

DVN/NA > CN X > Terminal ganglia > most of the organs in the body

Question 25

Sacral spinal cord path

Answer 25

Sacral cord > splanchnic nerve….

Question 26

What do you keep sweating for a long time after a workout?

Answer 26

Not all sympathetic neurons are innervated by parasympathetic neurons. Sweat glands and the adrenal medulla are 2 examples

Question 27

Where do preganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the sacral spinal cord reside?

Answer 27

In the Intermediate Gray Zone

Question 28

What are the targets of the splanchnic nerve?

Answer 28

Colon, rectum, genitalia

Question 29

What are the muscle layers that line the enteric system?

Answer 29

2 layers of circular muscle and 1 layer of longitudinal muscle

Question 30

What is the myenteric plexus?

Answer 30

Auerbach’s plexus - The outermost plexus of the enteric system - regulates musculature of the gut (forces food through the bowels)

Question 31

What is the Submucus plexus?

Answer 31

Meissner’s plexus - Glandular secretion and chemical monitoring.

Question 32

What mechanism controls the Enteric Nervous System?

Answer 32

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic innervation modulates the activity of the ENS according to the needs of the organism.

Question 33

T/F : The ENS function is dependent on stimulation by the SNS and PsNS.

Answer 33

F. The ENS functions independently to regulate gut motility and digestion.

Question 34

What are examples of times that the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems would regulate activity of ENS?

Answer 34

When you’re stressed/active, the sympathetic will tell the ENS to stop so the body can put energy toward other necessities.
When you are resting, the parasympathetic will kick up the ENS to tell it to digest.
(Thats why when you’re stressed all day you forget to eat)

Question 35

How do we have visceral sensation?

Answer 35

The Vagas nerve relays information from our organs to the Caudal division of the Solitary Tract. Which is the nucleus for visceral sensory information

Question 36

Why can we not feel things as well in our stomachs as we can on our hands?

Answer 36

Because there are far fewer visceral sensory neurons than mechanosensory neurons on our skin.

Question 37

Why do we feel pain in our organs more readily than we feel food passing through?

Answer 37

Typically, painful visceral information is sent to higher order regions and enters our consciousness.