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Nervous System > Formation Of The Nervous System - 31 > Flashcards

Formation Of The Nervous System - 31 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Gastrulation?

A

The invagination to form the three germ layers

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2
Q

What positions are determined during gastrulation?

A

Midline, anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral

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3
Q

What is the “animal hemisphere” in amphibians?

A

The part of the egg that is you’ll free

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4
Q

What is the area called where the yolk is in amphibians?

A

The Vegetal Hemisphere

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5
Q

Where does the invagination take place in amphibians? Humans?

A

Blastopore : Primitive Streak

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6
Q

Why do humans not need an animal and vegetal hemisphere?

A

Our embryos get their nutrients from the placenta.

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7
Q

What structure is formed during gastrulation? What germ layer forms it?

A

The Notocord : mesoderm

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8
Q

What structure defines the midline of an embryo?

A

The Notochord

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9
Q

What process occurs after gastrulation?

A

Neurulation

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10
Q

What is neurulation?

A

The notochord sends inductive signals to the overlying ectoderm inducing neuroectoderm cells. Which will give rise to the entire nervous system.

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11
Q

What is the neural plate?

A

A thickening of the midline ectoderm into columnar epithelium.

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12
Q

What structures does the neural tube give rise to?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

Neural stem cells of the _________________ are called ____________________. The give rise to precursors that can make ________________, _________________, __________________.

A

Neural tube : Neural precursor cells : neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes.

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14
Q

This precursor has stopped dividing and will differentiate into neurons

A

Neuroblasts

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15
Q

This part of the neural tube is most differentiated.

A

The Floorplate

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16
Q

What does the floorplate do?

A

Induces differentiation of the neural precursor cells. Also, gives the neural tube dorsovental polarity.

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17
Q

What are somites and what will they become?

A

Thickening of the mesoderm adjacent to the neural tube. Will become axial musculature and skeleton.

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18
Q

The brain arises from the _________________.

A

Anterior neural folds

19
Q

The peripheral nervous system is formed by the __________________.

A

Neural crest cells

20
Q

What are 3 basic principles of inductive cues?

A

They regulate gene expression (divide, differentiate, migrate); They can be graded (by molecule or receptor); they can be local (cell surface or not diffused)

21
Q

Where is Shh expressed during neurulation?

A

The notochord and floorplate

22
Q

Where is Noggin expressed during neurulation?

A

The notochord, floorplate, and roofplate (highest in roofplate)

23
Q

How do cels of the neural tube determine their differentiation?

A

Gradients of inductive factors (Shh and Noggin)

24
Q

What do cells of the ventral neural plate differentiate into?

A

These cells (floorplate) are exposed to more Shh and will become primary motor neurons

25
Q

What will the cells of the dorsal neural plate become?

A

These cells are exposed to a high amount of Noggin and will become sensory neurons

26
Q

Cells exposed to high amounts of Shh will become ___________________, whereas cells that are exposed to high amounts of noggin will become ___________________.

A

Motor neurons : sensory neurons

27
Q

What is the organization of the developing brain from Caudal to Rostral?

A

Cervical flexure : rhombencephalon : cephalic flexure : mesencephalon : Prosencephalon

28
Q

The prosencephalon will partition into the ________________ (rostral) and the _________________ (caudal)

A

Telencephalon : diencephalon

29
Q

The mesencephalon remains. The Rhombencephalon will partition into the _________________ (rostral) and the __________________ (caudal) separated by the _________________.

A

Metencephalon : myelencephalon : pontine flexure

30
Q

What are the optic cups?

A

Outcropping on the diencephelon

31
Q

The telencephalon gives rise to:

A

The cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, basal forbrain nuclei, and olfactory bulb

32
Q

The diencephalon will give rise to:

A

The thalamus and hypothalamus

33
Q

The optic vesicles give rise to the:

A

Retina

34
Q

The mesencephalon gives rise to:

A

The superior and inferior colliculi and the midbrain tegmentum

35
Q

How many days into development are all the brain structures partitioned?

A

100 days

36
Q

How much of the fetal development is devoted to cerebral cortex development?

A

6 months

37
Q

Neuromeres:

A

Repeating neural tube units. Cause segmentation of the developing nervous system.

38
Q

Homeotic genes

A

(Hox genes) TFs that bind to DNA region known as the homeobox.

39
Q

Hox genes are expressed in an _______________ to _______________ fashion.

A

Anterior to posterior

40
Q

How many times were the human Hox genes duplicated from the ancestral Hox cluster?

A

Twice

41
Q

How many neurons/min are generated at the peak of neuro genesis?

A

250,000

42
Q

What are the 2 zones of the neural tube from lumen to pial surface?

A

Close to the Lumen is the VENTRICULAR ZONE; close to the pial surface is the MARGINAL ZONE

43
Q

Where is the nuclei of neural precursor cells located during each part of its life cycle?

A

G1- ventricular zone : S- Marginal zone : G2- ventricular : M- detaches from pial surface and divides

44
Q

What two options does a newly decided cell have during proliferation in the neural tube?

A

After reconnecting to the pial surface, they can continue to proliferate, or they can stop differentiation and become a neuroblast that differentiates into a neuron

Nervous System (10 decks)

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