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Never-Ending Road to Licensure > Neurodevelopmental Disorders > Flashcards

Neurodevelopmental Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

IDD criteria

A
  1. Low IQ (<70)
  2. Low adaptive skills
  3. Onset = developmental period
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2
Q

IDD severity specifier

A
  1. Mild, Moderate, Severe, Profound
  2. Based on adaptive skills
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3
Q

IDD etiology

A
  1. Most prenatal = Down’s, Fragile X, FAS
  2. Some perinatal = asphyxia
  3. Some postnatal = meningitis, abuse
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4
Q

ASD criteria

A
  1. Social communication (reciprocity, nonverbals, relationships)
  2. Restrictive and repetitive behaviors (fixed interests, stereotypy, rigidity, sensitivity)
  3. Onset = early developmental period
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5
Q

ASD best prognosis

A
  1. IQ > 70
  2. Language by 5yo
  3. No comorbidities
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6
Q

ASD and brain structure

A
  1. Accelerated brain growth
  2. Structures affected = cerebellum, corpus callosum, amygdala
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7
Q

ASD and NTs

A

Lower:
1. Brain serotonin
2. GABA

Higher:
1. Blood serotonin
2. Glutamate
3. Acetylcholine

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8
Q

ASD prevalence

A

1-2%
3-4x in males

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9
Q

ASD heritability

A

Monozygotic = 69-95%
Dizygotic = 0-24%

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10
Q

ASD treatment

A
  1. ABA (affects IQ and language)
  2. Medication for comorbidities
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11
Q

ADHD criteria

A
  1. Duration > 6 months
  2. Onset < 12yo
  3. 2+ settings
  4. 6+ symptoms (5+ for adults)
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12
Q

ADHD prevalence

A
  1. Most prevalent dx in 3-17 yo
  2. 2x more in males
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13
Q

ADHD heritability

A

One of the most heritable disorders

  1. All twins = 76%
  2. Monozygotic = 71%
  3. Dizygotic = 41%
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14
Q

ADHD risk factors

A
  1. Low birth weight
  2. Premature birth
  3. Maternal tobacco/alcohol use
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15
Q

ADHD comorbidities

A
  1. ODD*
  2. CD
  3. Anxiety
  4. Depression
  5. Adulthood SUDs (not due to meds)
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16
Q

ADHD and brain structure

A
  1. Smaller, less active brain regions
  2. Abnormal = PFC, striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), thalamus, cerebellum, amygdala
17
Q

ADHD and NTs

A

Low:
1. Dopamine
2. Norepinephrine

18
Q

ADHD treatment

A

Children:
1. First line = therapy (parent training) OR combined

Adults:
1. First line = medication
2. Therapy (CBT)

19
Q

Three types of tic disorders

A
  1. Tourette’s
  2. Persistent motor or vocal tic disorder
  3. Provisional tic disorder
20
Q

Tourette’s criteria

A
  1. 1+ vocal tic AND 2+ motor tics
  2. Duration > 1 year
  3. Onset < 18yo
21
Q

Persistent motor or vocal tic disorder

A
  1. 1+ vocal tic AND/OR 1+ motor
  2. Duration > 1 year
  3. Onset < 18yo
22
Q

Provisional tic disorder

A
  1. 1+ vocal tic AND/OR 1+ motor tic
  2. Duration < 1 year
  3. Onset < 18 years
23
Q

Tic disorders typical course

A
  1. Onset 4-6 yo
  2. Severity peaks 10-12 yo
24
Q

Tic disorders comorbities

A
  1. ADHD*
25
Q

Tic disorders and brain structure

A
  1. Small caudate nucleus
26
Q

Tic disorders and NTs

A

Low:
1. Dopamine

27
Q

Tic disorders treatment

A
  1. Medication = antipsychotics, meds for comorbidities
  2. CBIT
28
Q

CBIT

A

Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics

  1. Psychoeducation
  2. Social support
  3. Habit reversal
  4. Competing response
  5. Relaxation
29
Q

Child-onset fluency disorder (stuttering) criteria

A
  1. Speech inconsistent with development
  2. Persists over time
  3. 1+ symptoms
30
Q

Seven types of speech symptoms

A
  1. Sound and syllable repetitions
  2. Sound prolongations
  3. Broken words
  4. Audible or silent blocking
  5. Circumlocutions
  6. Words pronounced with excessive tension
  7. Monosyllabic whole-word repetitions
31
Q

Child-onset fluency disorder typical course

A
  1. Onset = 2-7 yo
  2. 65-85% recovery rate
32
Q

Child-onset fluency disorder prognosis

A

Based on the severity at 8 yo

33
Q

Child-onset fluency disorder treatment

A

Habit reversal training (competing response = regulated breathing)

34
Q

Habit reversal training

A
  1. Awareness
  2. Competing response
  3. Motivation
  4. Relaxation
  5. Skills generalization
35
Q

SLD criteria

A
  1. Academic difficulties despite intervention
  2. 1+ symptoms
  3. Onset = school-age years
36
Q

Types of SLD symptoms

A
  1. Word reading > comprehension
  2. Spelling > written expression
  3. Calculations > reasoning
37
Q

SLD prevalence

A
  1. 5-15%
  2. 80% of SLDs are in reading (mostly dysphonic dyslexia)
38
Q

Dysphonic dyslexia

A

Difficulty connecting sounds to letters

39
Q

SLD comorbidities

A
  1. ADHD*

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