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Neuroscience and Neurological Disease > Neurodevelopment > Flashcards

Neurodevelopment Flashcards

1
Q

What did Seneca believe?

A

That development was just miniature versions of creatures growing bigger (preformation).

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2
Q

What is similar in all vertebrates?

A

The embryonic nervous system.

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3
Q

What are the three chambers of young vertebrates?

A
  1. Forebrain
  2. Midbrain
  3. Hindbrain
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4
Q

What forms the spinal cord?

A

Remaining neural tube.

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5
Q

What happens on day 1 of development?

A

The human zygote consists of a single cell.

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6
Q

What happens on day 2 of development?

A

The cell divides and continues to divide.

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7
Q

What happens on day 15 of development?

A

The emerging embryo is formed by several sheets of cells with a raised area in the middle called an embryonic disc.

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8
Q

What happens on day 21 of development?

A

Primitive neural tissue forms the neural plate.

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9
Q

What is the neural plate?

A

The neural plate gives rise to the neural tube. Nursery for the rest of CNS. Also gives rise to the brain’s ventricles and spinal canal.

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10
Q

What happens on day 49 of development?

A

The embryo resembles a miniature person.

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11
Q

What happens on day 100 of development?

A

The brain begins to resemble that of a human.

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12
Q

What happens on month 7 of development?

A

Formation of gyri and sulci.

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13
Q

What happens on month 9 of development?

A

Very distinct human brain, although cellular structures is still much different than adult brain.

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14
Q

What are neural stem cells?

A

They are cells that have yet to choose a type (multipotential). They have great self-renewal.

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15
Q

Where are the neural stem cells?

A

They line the neural tubes and form the subventricular zone.

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16
Q

What do the stem cells create?

A

They give rise to progenitor cells (precursor cells).

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17
Q

What do progenitor cells become?

A
  1. Neuroblasts
  2. Glioblasts
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18
Q

What cell can divide infinitely and what cell can divide limitedly.

A

Infinite: Stem cells
Limited: Progenitor cells

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19
Q

What are neuroblasts?

A

They will develop into neurons.

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20
Q

What are glioblasts?

A

They will develop into mature glia.

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21
Q

What happens after the blasts?

A

The blasts specialize into mature neurons/glia.

22
Q

What do newborn cells use throughout the development process?

A

Chemical signals and genetic instructions.

23
Q

What are the three ways to ensure stem cells become mature neurons/glia?

A
  1. Prolactin
  2. Genetranscription
  3. Epigenetics
24
Q

What is prolactin?

A

A naturally occurring hormone that helps replace lost neurons in animal models. If you put it in the brain it will signal to start neurogenesis.

25
Q

How does gene transcription work?

A

A turning on the correct genes that dictate a stem cell will become a neuron and not a skin cell.

26
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

Epigenetics is gene silencing.

27
Q

What is DNA methylation?

A

DNA methylation is a methyl group stopping a ribosome from transcribing.

28
Q

What are neurotrophic factors?

A

Chemical compounds that act to support the growth and differentiation of neurons.

29
Q

What are the two neurotrophic factors?

A
  1. Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)
  2. Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF)
30
Q

What are epidermal growth factors?

A

Stimulate stem cell to produce progenitor cells.

31
Q

What are basic fibroblast growth factors?

A

Stimulate progenitor cells to produce neuroblasts.

32
Q

What are the neurodevelopment stages? (7)

A
  1. Cell birth
  2. Cell migration
  3. Cell differentiation
  4. Cell maturation
  5. Synaptogenesis
  6. Cell death
  7. Myelogenesis
33
Q

Cell birth? (neurogenesis)

A

Birth of neurons by 5-month-olds.

34
Q

Cell migration?

A

After neurogenesis. About 6 weeks.

35
Q

Cell differentiation?

A

During migration and continues after. Almost complete by birth.

36
Q

Cell maturation?

A

Growth of dendrites and axons. It continues for years, into adult years.

37
Q

Synaptogenesis?

A

Neurons start to form their own networks.

38
Q

Cell death?

A

if you don’t use it you lose it.

39
Q

Myelogenesis?

A

Neuronal networks become more efficient in their communication. Sign of neurodevelopmental maturity, occurs well into adulthood.

40
Q

How do cells get their destination?

A
  1. Subventricular Zone
  2. Radial Glia Cells
41
Q

What is the Subventricular Zone?

A

-SVZ contains a primitive map of the cerebral cortex;
-Cells formed in certain regions of the SVZ migrate to certain cortical locations.

42
Q

What are radial glia cells?

A

-Form a path that extends from the SVZ to the surface of the cortex;
-Undifferentiated progenitor cells follow this path.

43
Q

What signals restrict the choice of traits a cell can express?

A

Intercellular signals.

44
Q

What is the combination that determines the emergence of a cell type?

A

Genetic instructions, timing, and signals from neighboring cells in the local environment.

45
Q

What do maturing neurons need?

A
  1. Dendrites
  2. Axon
46
Q

What are the two parts of cell maturation?

A
  1. Growth cones
  2. Filopods
47
Q

How do growth cones and filopods work together?

A

Growth cones extend filopods and when a filopod reaches an appropriate target the others follow.

48
Q

What are growth cones responsive to?

A
  1. Cell adhesion
  2. Tropic molecules
49
Q

What does the brain use for synaptic pruning?

A

Cell death or apoptosis.

50
Q

What neurotrophic factors do cells use to regulate neuronal survival?

A

Nerve Growth Factor

51
Q

What is the last region to myelinate?

A

The frontal lobe.

52
Q

What can be used as an index of neuronal maturity?

A

Process of myelination

Neuroscience and Neurological Disease (7 decks)

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