Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Advanced Nutrition > Neurobiology Of Appetite > Flashcards

Neurobiology Of Appetite Flashcards

1
Q

How m any pounds do we gain/year

A

1-2 pounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Timeline for energy expenditure vs intake

A

Continuous vs episodic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2 systems that regulate appetite and food intake

A

Homeostatic (metabolic)

Hedonic (reward system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two adiposity related (long term) signals for satiety?

A

Insulin and lepton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 2 nutrient related signals that stimulate satiety?

A

Glucose and FFAs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are 2 short term satiety signals that travel through the vagus nerve and spinal nerves

A

CCK and GLP1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Function of the homeostatic regulatory system

How does it achieve that? (2)

A

Senses the nutritional and metabolic state of the body to prevent weight loss and maintain fat stores by balancing energy intake with energy expenditure over time - regulates the body’s set point

  • stimulates hunger when energy levels are low
  • suppresses appetite when energy levels are sufficient
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does the homeostatic system accommodate for growth?

A

The set point for the amount of energy that you body needs increases as you age and does not seem to stop.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Key areas of the brain involved in homeostatic appetite regulation

A

Hypothalamus

Dorsal vagal complex (brain stem)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Two parts of the hypothalamus

A

Accurate nucleus and median eminence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Two types of neurons in the arcuate nucleus and what they do

A

NPY/AgRP neurons - stimulate appetite

  • neuropeptide Y
  • Agouti related peptide

POMC/CART neurons - suppress appetite
- pro-opiomelanocortin
Cocaine and amphetamine- regulated transcript

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the median eminence?

A

Incomplete blood brain Barrie that samples circulating satiety hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the dorsal vagal complex contain? (2)

A

Nucleus of the Tractus Solitarius
- receives input from vagal nerve (afferent nerve impulses)
Area postrema
- incomplete blood brain Barrier that samples circulated satiety hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does the dorsal vagal complex relay signals?

A

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the short term orexigenic (hunger) hormone? And where is it from?

A

Ghrelin - released from stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the four short term anorexigenic (satiety) hormones and where are they from?

A 
Peptide YY (PYY) - L cells (ileum and colon) 
Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP) - pancreatic islets of Langerhans - PP cells 
Glucagon-like peptide - 1 (GLP-1) - co-secreted with PYY from L-cells (ileum and colon) 
CHolecystokinin (CCK) - I-cells (proximal small intestine)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Satiety

A

Physical feeling of fullness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Satiation

A

End of desire to eat after a meal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What neurons would hunger hormones stimulate?

A

NPY/AgRP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What neurons would satiety stimulate?

A

POMC and CART

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where are L cells located?

A

Distal ileum and colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is lepton released in proportion to?

A

Adipose tissue mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where is insulin released?

A

Beta cells in the pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the two long term anorexigenic hormones?

A

Lepton and insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Functions of lepton and insulin (2)

A

Activate POMC/CART neurons and reciprocally inhibit NPY/AgRP neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What struggle does the lepton deficiency disorder face?

A

Lepton deficiency obesity is not very popular, but they have trouble controlling their appetite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the hedonic regulation

A

Reward system - brain mechanism that promotes behaviour that are beneficial for survival and procreation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does hedonic regulation lead to? By doing what? (2)

A

Food intake above and beyond homeostatic control/homeostatic override

  • conditioning - neutral cues gain incentive such as sight, small and taste
  • unconsciously guide executive decision making
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Two components of hedonic regulation

A

Mesolimbic dopamine pathway

Endocannabinoid and opioid receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

5 things under the control of your hedonic regulation

A

Money, salt, sugar, fat, sex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does hedonic regulation exploit?

A

Opportunities of abundance - we used to compete for food with other species - so we would consume as much as we can when we get the chance to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Conditioning of hedonic regulation?

A

Dopamine is released when certain things are consumed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Munchies from marijuana goes through what pathway

A

Encocannabinoid pathway of hedonic regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does hedonic regulation have a heightened response to?

A

Highly palatable and calorically dense foods

- fat, sugar, salt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Interactions between homeostatic and hedonic systems

A

Homeostatic hunger enhances food reward - elevated ghrelin and reduced lepton, insulin, and other satiety hormones alter signaling in the reward system of the brain. (After fasting sweetened foods did not get a big drop in dislike)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Other than hedonic and homeostatic regulation, what’s the last regulation that decides to eat or not to eat?

A

Cognitive regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are three cognitive aspects of food intake?

A

Self regulation/dieting, social feedback, environmental feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How many decisions do we make about when where what with whom and how much to eat everyday?

A

230, underestimated by 215 decisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How does marketing tailor to biology and hard wired innate food preferences?

A

Finding the bliss point to elicit physiological responses that are normal and realistic

40
Q

Digital images of highly palatable food may

A

Adversely affect our appetite-regulating neural signalling

41
Q

3 factors in food that promote satiety?

A

Fibre, protein, water content

42
Q

2 effects of dietary fibre on appetite

A

Subjective appetite reduced by ~5%

Reduced energy intake but ~2.6%

43
Q

Paleo diet may

A

Enhance satiety

44
Q

Hedonic system promotes consumption of palatable, energy dense food in the absence of?

A

Physiological hunger

45
Q

When does the homeostatic and hedonic system interact to promote food intake?

A

Periods of energy insufficiency

46
Q

In normal subjects, their body weight is tightly regulated despite

A

Day to day variation in food intake and energy expenditure

47
Q

What does the body system favour in terms of energy?

A

Preservation of energy because it has evolved to conserve energy

48
Q

What do energy signals do? And where does it converge?

A

Relay info such as the nutritional and energy status of the body and it converges within the CNS

49
Q

What two factors in humans that can drive excess food intake?

A

Psychological and emotional factors

50
Q

Two things in the modern lifestyle that makes obesity easy

A

Easily available palatable foods and reduced levels of PA

51
Q

What can result in obesity in rare cases?

A

Mutations within genes encoding known appetite regulating hormones

52
Q

What plays a major role in the control of appetite?

A

Hypothalamus

53
Q

What allow peripheral circulating factors direct access to the CNS?

A

Incomplete blood brain barrier at the median eminence of the hypothalamus and area postrema of the brain stem

54
Q

What hormone is produced in POMC neurons and what do they bind to?

A

Alpha-melanocyte- stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and it binds to melanocortin-4 (MC4R) receptors in the PVN (paraventricular nucleus)

55
Q

How is the orexigenic effect of NPY mediated?

A

By stimulation of hypothalamic Y1R and Y5R in addition to local inhibition of POMC neurons in the ARC

56
Q

Two ways peripheral signals can convert information

A

Neural pathways via the brain stem and hypothalamus
Incomplete blood brain barrier at the median eminence and rare postrema - gut hormones and adiposity signals can act via the bloodstream to influence signaling of known appetite controlling pathways like NPY ArRP and POMC/CART in the arcuate nucleus.

57
Q

Signals from higher cortical centres are integrated with?

A

Peripheral finals within hypothalamic nuclei

58
Q

3 parts of the dorsal vagal complex

A

Dorsal motor nucleus, area postrema, nucleus of the tractus solitarius

59
Q

What does the vagal come from and what does it do?

A

Afferent from the gut to convey info such as gastric distension, gut hormone levels and fatty acids

60
Q

Periphery signals have pivotal roles in what?

A

Transmitting info via afferent vagal fibres to the caudal brainstem or directly to the hypothalamus to modify appetite

61
Q

Corticolimbic pathways

A

Reward associated feeding behaviour with the endocannabinoid and opioid receptors

62
Q

Rimonabant

A

Endocannabinoid receptor antagonist - used for a treatment for obesity but has unacceptable psuchiatric side-effects resulting in withdrawal of the drug

63
Q

What’s referred to as the largest endocrine organ in the body?

A

Gastrointestinal tract

64
Q

PYY - what is it? How many forms, where is it released?

A

Peptide tyrosine tyrosine - two circulating forms of it released by L cells in the distal gut

65
Q

Circulating PYY concentration

A

Low in the fasted state and rapidly increases following a meal - peak at 1-2 hours and remain elevated for several hours

66
Q

2 effects of PYY

A

Anorectic, increases energy expenditure

67
Q

How does PYY have anorectic effects?

A

Incomplete blood brain barrier in the median eminence of the hypothalamus, via vagal brainstem hypothalamic pathways, or both.

68
Q

PP concentration

A

Circulating PP concentration rise after a meal in proportion to the caloric load

69
Q

GLP- 1

Where is it secreted?

A

Glucagon-like peptide-1

Consecrated with PYY from the L cells in the intestine

70
Q

Circulating GLP-1 levels

A

Rise after a meal and fall in the fasted state

71
Q

What does GLP-1 do?

A

Reduce food intake

72
Q

Intravenous infusion of GLP-1

A

Does dependent reduction in food intake in both normal weight and obese subjects

73
Q

Circulating ghrelin

A

Increase before meals and fall rapidly after eating

74
Q

Peripheral administration of ghrelin

A

Increase c-fos expression in ARC NPY/AgRP neurons

75
Q

First hormone known to modulate food intake and its plasma half life

A

CHolecystokinin - few minutes

76
Q

CCK levels

A

Rapidly reaches a peak within 15 minutes after a meal

77
Q

Adiposity signals are involved in

A

Long-term regulation of energy balance

78
Q

What modulates food intake on a meal by meal basis?

A

Gut peptides

79
Q

Circulating levels of insulin and lepton and what is it responsible for?

A

Proportional to adipose tissue - long term regulation of energy balance

80
Q

Insulin concentration

A

Secreted rapidly after a meal

81
Q

Central administration of insulin

A

Suppresses the fasting induced increase in NPY mRNA levels and increases POMC mRNA expression

82
Q

Where is leptin secreted?

A

Adipocytes

83
Q

How does leptin work?

A

Transported across the BBB by a saturable system and exerts anorectic effect via the ARC - both NPY/AgRP and POMC/CART neurons express leptin receptors but the first one is inhibited and the second is activated to reduce food intake and increase energy expenditure

84
Q

Given the enormous amount of food eaten, it is remarkable that we

A

Keep a stable body weight throughout adulthood

85
Q

Besides the hypothalamus, what other brain areas are in the circuitry of the homeostatic regulator?- 3

A

Brainstem, basal ganglia, cortico-limbic system

86
Q

Advertisement in food industry

A

Use food and pictures of food to neuromarket - esp children because it generates future buyers of brand name products

87
Q

Does stimuli from the environment have the capacity to overwhelm homeostatic regulation?

A

Yes, temporarily

88
Q

When are conditioned cues such as food advertisements more likely to stimulate overingestion?

A

Metabolic depletion - shortly before or during a meal because it amplifies their incentive salience, metabolic hunger makes us more responsive to cues signalling food and drug reward

89
Q

What kind of signals does metabolic depletion send?

A

High levels of ghrelin, low levels of leptin, insulin, gut hormones and various metabolites that can act on the hypothalamus and brainstem and also brain areas involved in sensory processing, cognition, and reward.

90
Q

Even in the absence of food advertisements, we are finding ourselves more and more …

A

Exposed to opportunities to eat - from a fixed meal pattern availability of food has increased everywhere - birthday cakes and vending machines at work and school, increasing number of fast food places, ready to eat food at refrigerator.

91
Q

French paradox

A

Consumption of highly palatable French/Mediterranean cuisine produces less risk for obesity - factors other than palatability that lead to chronic overconsumption

92
Q

What kinds of foods are addictive?

A

Energy dense foods that are high in sugar and fat and low in vitamins and minerals - empty energies

93
Q

Dopamine signaling in the nucleus accumbens appears to play a role in?

A

Both the appetitive and consumatory phases of an ingestive bout

94
Q

Is the decision to eat a food item up to the free will of every individual?

A

Conscious decisions may have a subconscious component - subconscious neural activity can guide ingestive behaviour before conscious explicit knowledge does

95
Q

How does environmental signals affect food intake?

A

Interact with corticolimbic brain areas involved in cognition, emotion, motivation and decision making - bottom up by metabolic signals and can exert strong and overpowering top down control of food intake and energy balance regulation e.g. eating in complete absence of nutritional need.

Advanced Nutrition (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions