Neurobiological bases to risk factors for offending- Part 3. Flashcards
Perinatal risk factors:
What are some perinatal risk factors?
What is anoxia?
Liu 2004; Liu & Wuerker (2005) study- what did they find a positive relation between?
Maternal pre-eclampsia, premature birth, use of forceps in delivery leading to anoxia and low Apgar scores.
Absence of oxygen to the brain.
Between perinatal factors and externalizing behaviors at age 11.
Continuation from perinatal risk factors:
What is the apgar score?
What does the apgar score test?
Score given to a newborn straight after they are born- shows how healthy the baby is.
5 areas of health- appearance, pulse, grimace, activity and respiration.
Continuation from perinatal risk factors:
Raine, Brennan, and Mednick (1994)- from their study- what does the interactions between pregnancy complications and severe maternal rejection predict?
What is maternal rejection?
Do obstetric complications mediate the relationship between IQ and externalizing behaviors (study by Liu, Raine, Wuerker, Venables, & Mednick (2009)?
Violent crime in adolescence.
Effort to try to lose a baby- can be physical or adoption,
Yes.
Postnatal/childhood risk factors:
What are the three postnatal/childhood risk factors?
What are these?
1) Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs).
2) Problematic parent-child interactions (attachment).
3) Traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Environmental risk factors.
Continuation from postnatal/childhood risk factors:
What are ACEs also called?
What are they predictive of?
Is it a random number next to it?
Who made ACEs and when?
Early traumas.
Chronic disease in adulthood + offenders- also poor outcomes later in life.
No- it is specifically linked to that number- if you refer to these numbers, clinicians will know.
Felitti et al. (1998).
Are these all the ACEs:
1) Physical abuse.
2) Emotional abuse.
3) Sexual abuse.
4) Household member addicted to illegal drugs and/or alcohol.
5) Household member who was incarcerated.
6) Household member who suffered mental health issues.
7) Witnessing domestic violence against mother.
8) Loss of parent due to death, divorce or abandonment.
9) Physical neglect.
10) Emotional neglect.
Yes.
Read and try to remember it all!
Continuation with ACEs:
What are people with high ACE scores more likely to be?
4 things.
What happens if you have a high ACE score?
Violent, have more marriages, more broken homes, more depression etc.
Immediate negative consequences such as structural and functional changes in the developing brain.
What does a study on ACE look at?
Who did they look at?
Who did they look at? 2 groups.
What did they give them?
Frequency of reported traumas.
151 different types of offenders (one group) in comparison to a normative sample (7000+ people).
A questionnaire.
Continuation from the study on ACE:
What did they find?
What does this tell us?
What else do we see?
Give an example.
ACE- more frequent in the offending population compared to the normative population.
Offenders have suffered more trauma.
Significant difference between groups.
Like sex offenders have the highest rate of sexual abuse as children.
Offenders’ problematic childhoods:
Who did this study and when?
Who was the study based on?
What did 29% report experiencing?
What did 41% observe?
What was seen in this sample?
Williams et al (2012).
1,435 newly sentenced prisoners.
A form of abuse/neglect in childhood (some ACEs).
Violence in their home as a child- particularly from members with an alcohol or a drug problem.
Most ACEs.
Continuation from offenders’ problematic childhoods:
Did the ministry of justice in England and Wales do a similar study and what did it show?
What did 18% have as a child?
What did 14% have as a child?
Yes- showed a similar pattern.
As a child- family member with alcohol problem (ACE 4).
Family member with a drug problem (ACE 4).
Continuation from ministry of justice in England and Wales:
What did 37% have?
Of whom, what was 84% for?
What happened to 24% of them?
A family member convicted of a serious crime.
Been in prison or a young offenders’ institution (ACE 5).
Been in care at some point in their childhood (aspect of ACE 8).
What is one post natal risk factor?
What is important to those involved in crime?
What are the four attachment styles?
What are the last three?
Problematic parent-child interactions- attachment styles.
Attachment.
Secure, avoidant, ambivalent and disorganised.
Negative- insecure styles- makes an individual offend.
Continuation from problematic parent-child interactions- attachment styles:
Which style is looked at more?
Why?
What is it linked to?
What were they like?
Disorganised
Predicts later criminal behaviour.
ACEs of physical abuse and neglect.
Untrusting whilst craving security (missed this as children).
Secure attachment:
How are the parents like (parenting style)?
How will the child have as an adult?
Avoidant attachment:
How are the parents like (parenting style)?
How will the child have as an adult?
Attuned to the child’s emotions + physical needs.
Meaningful relationships + Empathy + Trust.
Unavailable + rejecting for long periods of time.
Will avoid closeness + Distant + Critical + Intolerant of others.
