Neuroanatomy (Part 3)

Question 1

In a cross section of the spinal chord, what does the white matter represent?

Answer 1

• contains myelinated axons carrying commands in descending tracts from the brain to the spinal cord.
• It also contains ascending axons carrying sensory information from the cord to the brain.

Question 2

In a cross section of the spinal chord, what does the grey matter represent?

Answer 2

• comprises neuronal cell bodies and dendrites.
• Spinal gray matter may control muscular activity.
• Other pockets of spinal gray matter process sensory information

Question 3

What region of the spinal chord is the location of the cervical enlargement?

Answer 3

C 7/8

Question 4

What region of the spinal chord is the lumbar enlargement located?

Answer 4

L5

Question 5

The dorsal horns of grey matter in the spinal chord are also known as?

Answer 5

Posterior horns

Question 6

The ventral horns of gray matter in the spinal chords are also known as?

Answer 6

Anterior horns

Question 7

Neurons of the dorsal horns commonly relay sensory information to the cortex via the

Answer 7

Thalamus

Question 8

Motor neurons that communicate with muscles occupy what part of the spinal chord?

Answer 8

Ventral horns

Question 9

What forms the white matter of the dorsal columns (gracile and cuneate fasciculi) and the lateral and ventral white columns?

Answer 9

Myelinated axons and associated glia

Question 10

Dorsal columns carry only sensory information to what?

Answer 10

The brain

Question 11

The lateral and ventral columns of the spinal chord carry both sensory and motor information in which tracts?

Answer 11

Ascending and descending tracts respectively.

Question 12

The dorsal root, arising from its dorsal root ganglion, carries which fibers?

Answer 12

Sensory fibers

Question 13

The ventral root of the spinal chord carries which fibers?

Answer 13

Motor

Question 14

Sensory information travels along axons of ____ neurons (somatic and autonomic nervous system) from bodily structures (e.g., muscle, skin, viscera) to the spinal cord.

Answer 14

afferent

Question 15

Myelinated Motor information fibers travels along the axons of the ______ innervating skeletal muscle. Comparable “motor” commands are carried along the axons of ______ innervating glands or smooth muscle cells in viscera, skin, and blood vessels.

Answer 15

• lower fibers motor neurons

- autonomic neurons

Question 16

All cranial nerves, except ____, are peripheral nerves.

Answer 16

CN II

Question 17

Which cranial nerves have significant sensory function?

Answer 17

• I
• II
• V
• VII
• VIII
• IX
• X

Question 18

Axons of CN I are______ and derived from neurons located in the _____.

Answer 18

• unmyelinated

- nasal olfactory mucosa

Question 19

Axons of CN II are ____ by _____ and are derived from ___

Answer 19

• myelinated
• oligodendrocytes (not Schwann cells)
• retinal ganglion cells.

Question 20

Afferent axons of CNs __, ___, ___, ___, and ____ are derived from cell bodies lying in ______. Exceptions are those axons of CN __ carrying proprioceptive information from jaw muscles: These axons are derived from cell bodies in the _____ within the CNS

Answer 20

• V
• VII
• VIII
• IX
• X
• peripherally located ganglia
• V
• mesencephalic nucleus

Question 21

Efferent axons running in CN III, IV, V, VI, VII, and IX - XII to skeletal muscles arise from _____ located within the CNS.

Answer 21

motor neurons

Question 22

CN __, __, __ and __ carry axons of cells belonging to the autonomic nervous system.

Answer 22

• III
• VII
• IX
• X

Question 23

What type of pathway is the Corticobulbar Tract?

Answer 23

Motor

Question 24

What kind of pathway is the Corticospinal (lateral and anterior) Tract

Answer 24

Motor

Question 25

What type of pathway is the Reticulospinal (lateral and medial) Tract?

Answer 25

Motor

Question 26

What type of pathway is the Rubrospinal Tract?

Answer 26

Motor

Question 27

What type of pathway is the Vestibulospinal (lateral and medial) Tract

Answer 27

Motor

Question 28

What type of pathway is the Dorsal Column/Medial Lemniscal System?

Answer 28

Sensory

Question 29

What type of pathway is the Anterolateral System (spinothalamic tract)?

Answer 29

Sensory

Question 30

cortical efferents terminating in the brainstem (e.g., those influencing motor cranial nerves) constitute ____ rather than ____ fibers

Answer 30

• corticobulbar fibers

- corticospinal

Question 31

Define Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA).

Answer 31

This is an acute loss of cerebral or monocular function with manifestations lasting under 24 hours. The origin is presumed to be circulatory dysfunction, depriving parts of the brain of adequate blood.

Question 32

Define Reversible Ischemic Neurological Deficit.

Answer 32

This is an acute loss of cerebral or monocular function with symptoms lasting longer than 24 hours due to inadequate blood supply of parts of the brain. Partial recovery of function is likely.

Question 33

Define Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident)

Answer 33

This is a rapidly developing loss of cerebral function due to cerebrovascular disturbance. Manifestations range in severity from the clinically negligible through coma and death.

Question 34

Define lobotomy.

Answer 34

Surgical removal of the frontal cortex has been tried as a treatment for severe mental illness but resulted in unwanted complications (epilepsy, personality changes, lack of social inhibition, etc.). The procedure has yielded to the administration of psychoactive drugs.