Neuroanatomy (Part 3) Flashcards
In a cross section of the spinal chord, what does the white matter represent?
- contains myelinated axons carrying commands in descending tracts from the brain to the spinal cord.
- It also contains ascending axons carrying sensory information from the cord to the brain.
In a cross section of the spinal chord, what does the grey matter represent?
- comprises neuronal cell bodies and dendrites.
- Spinal gray matter may control muscular activity.
- Other pockets of spinal gray matter process sensory information
What region of the spinal chord is the location of the cervical enlargement?
C 7/8
What region of the spinal chord is the lumbar enlargement located?
L5
The dorsal horns of grey matter in the spinal chord are also known as?
Posterior horns
The ventral horns of gray matter in the spinal chords are also known as?
Anterior horns
Neurons of the dorsal horns commonly relay sensory information to the cortex via the
Thalamus
Motor neurons that communicate with muscles occupy what part of the spinal chord?
Ventral horns
What forms the white matter of the dorsal columns (gracile and cuneate fasciculi) and the lateral and ventral white columns?
Myelinated axons and associated glia
Dorsal columns carry only sensory information to what?
The brain
The lateral and ventral columns of the spinal chord carry both sensory and motor information in which tracts?
Ascending and descending tracts respectively.
The dorsal root, arising from its dorsal root ganglion, carries which fibers?
Sensory fibers
The ventral root of the spinal chord carries which fibers?
Motor
Sensory information travels along axons of ____ neurons (somatic and autonomic nervous system) from bodily structures (e.g., muscle, skin, viscera) to the spinal cord.
afferent
Myelinated Motor information fibers travels along the axons of the ______ innervating skeletal muscle. Comparable “motor” commands are carried along the axons of ______ innervating glands or smooth muscle cells in viscera, skin, and blood vessels.
- lower fibers motor neurons
- autonomic neurons
All cranial nerves, except ____, are peripheral nerves.
CN II
Which cranial nerves have significant sensory function?
- I
- II
- V
- VII
- VIII
- IX
- X
Axons of CN I are______ and derived from neurons located in the _____.
- unmyelinated
- nasal olfactory mucosa
Axons of CN II are ____ by _____ and are derived from ___
- myelinated
- oligodendrocytes (not Schwann cells)
- retinal ganglion cells.
Afferent axons of CNs __, ___, ___, ___, and ____ are derived from cell bodies lying in ______. Exceptions are those axons of CN __ carrying proprioceptive information from jaw muscles: These axons are derived from cell bodies in the _____ within the CNS
- V
- VII
- VIII
- IX
- X
- peripherally located ganglia
- V
- mesencephalic nucleus
Efferent axons running in CN III, IV, V, VI, VII, and IX - XII to skeletal muscles arise from _____ located within the CNS.
motor neurons
CN __, __, __ and __ carry axons of cells belonging to the autonomic nervous system.
- III
- VII
- IX
- X
What type of pathway is the Corticobulbar Tract?
Motor
What kind of pathway is the Corticospinal (lateral and anterior) Tract
Motor
What type of pathway is the Reticulospinal (lateral and medial) Tract?
Motor
What type of pathway is the Rubrospinal Tract?
Motor
What type of pathway is the Vestibulospinal (lateral and medial) Tract
Motor
What type of pathway is the Dorsal Column/Medial Lemniscal System?
Sensory
What type of pathway is the Anterolateral System (spinothalamic tract)?
Sensory
cortical efferents terminating in the brainstem (e.g., those influencing motor cranial nerves) constitute ____ rather than ____ fibers
- corticobulbar fibers
- corticospinal
Define Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA).
This is an acute loss of cerebral or monocular function with manifestations lasting under 24 hours. The origin is presumed to be circulatory dysfunction, depriving parts of the brain of adequate blood.
Define Reversible Ischemic Neurological Deficit.
This is an acute loss of cerebral or monocular function with symptoms lasting longer than 24 hours due to inadequate blood supply of parts of the brain. Partial recovery of function is likely.
Define Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident)
This is a rapidly developing loss of cerebral function due to cerebrovascular disturbance. Manifestations range in severity from the clinically negligible through coma and death.
Define lobotomy.
Surgical removal of the frontal cortex has been tried as a treatment for severe mental illness but resulted in unwanted complications (epilepsy, personality changes, lack of social inhibition, etc.). The procedure has yielded to the administration of psychoactive drugs.
