Cell Neuroscience - Neurons and Glia - Part 4 (clinical)

Question 1

___, ___, and ___ cells all give rise to tumors in CNS

Answer 1

• Astrocytes
• oligodendrocytes
• ependymal

Question 2

Tumors in PNS are found on ___, ___, ___ and ___, and the cells of origin are virtually always nerve sheath cells (schwannoma)

Answer 2

• cranial nerves
• spinal nerve roots
• peripheral nerves
• sympathetic chain ganglia

Question 3

___ gene encodes one of the major intermediate filament proteins of mature astrocytes

Answer 3

GFAP (Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein)

Question 4

Alexander disease is due to a mutation of what? What is it characterized by?

Answer 4

• GFAP (Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein) gene mutations cause GFAP accumulation.
• characterized by enlarged astrocytes, high levels of GFAP in cerebrospinal fluid and by a loss of myelin and degeneration of white matter in the brain.

Question 5

___ is hyperplasia and hypertrophy of reactive astrocytes in response to neuronal injury in the CNS. It also produces a glial scar that is one of the factors that limit the possibility of axonal regeneration in the CNS.

Answer 5

Gliosis

Question 6

Astrocytes have critical roles during manifestation of ___.

Answer 6

pathological pain

Question 7

Through the secretion of diffusible transmitters, such as___, ___, and ___, astrocytes may augment primary afferent neuronal signaling or sensitize second order neurons in the spinal cord.

Answer 7

• interleukins
• ATP
• NO

Question 8

“It is proposed that stroke injury is primarily a consequence of the failure of ___.”

Answer 8

astrocytes to support the essential metabolic needs of neurons

Question 9

The inherited disease (familial ALS) is caused by dominant mutations in ___. ___-mutated astrocytes have been found to be determinants of disease progression and microglial cells the modulators of the severity of this disease.

Answer 9

• superoxide dismutase (SOD)

- SOD1

Question 10

___, ___, results of viral intrusion into the CNS and leads to the death of the myelin producing oligodendrocytes and degeneration of neuronal axons

Answer 10

• Progressive demyelinating neuroinflammatory disease

- HTLV-1- associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP)

Question 11

Demyelination is the loss of the myelin sheath insulating the nerves, and is the hallmark of some neurodegenerative autoimmune diseases, including ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___ and ___. Sufferers of ___ can also suffer nerve damage

Answer 11

• multiple sclerosis
• acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
• transverse myelitis
• Alexander disease
• chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
• Guillain- Barré Syndrome
• central pontine myelinosis
• pernicious anaemia

Question 12

In MS, It is suggested that ___ cells become activated in the peripheral immune compartment, cross the blood-brain barrier and trigger the disease

Answer 12

myelin antigen-specific CD4+ T

Question 13

In MS, the myelin-sheath forming oligodendrocytes are damaged, which reduces the axonal conduction velocity. (T/F)

Answer 13

TRUE

Question 14

___ is an inflammatory demyelinating disease (polyneuropathy) of PNS. It affects both the myelin sheathing and the axons themselves slowing down the action potential conduction, and may lead to complete axonal damage with subsequent Wallerian degeneration

Answer 14

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Question 15

___ is caused by mutations in the gene coding for the myelin structure maintaining protein, periaxin. This leads to formation of short myelin segments (internodes) and reduced nerve conduction velocity

Answer 15

-Charcot-Marie-Tooth disorder (CMT)

Question 16

Some viruses use ___ transport along microtubules to infect neurons.

Answer 16

retrograde