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3.2 Neuroanatomy > Neuroanatomy-Overview of The Nervous System > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy-Overview of The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main systems that the nervous system can be divided into?

A

Central and peripheral nervous systems

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2
Q

What does the CNS comprise of?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What does the PNS comprise of?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves

31 pairs of spinal nerves and their branches

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4
Q

In early brain development (~4 weeks) how many visible swellings/vesicles are there in the neural tube?

A

3
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

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5
Q

At 6-8 weeks in brain development, the 1st and 3rd vesicles divide to make a total of 5 vesicles. What are the names of these 5 vesicles?

A 
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Mylencephalon
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6
Q

What does the telencephalon develop into?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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7
Q

What does the diencephalon develop into?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus

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8
Q

What does the mesencephalon develop into?

A

Midbrain

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9
Q

What does the metencephalon develop into?

A

Pons, cerebellum

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10
Q

What does the myelencephalon develop into?

A

Medulla oblongata

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11
Q

The combination of the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata is called?

A

The brainstem

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12
Q

The combination of the thalamus and hypothalamus is called?

A

The diencephalon

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13
Q

What is the role of neurons?

A

The “communicators”
They receive information via synapses and integrate the information for transmission via electrical impulses to other neutrons or effector cells.

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14
Q

Are neurons mostly multipolar or unipolar?

A

Multipolar with many dendrites and one axon

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15
Q

What are glial cells?

A

The “glue”

No connective tissue in CNS so these “glue” the cells

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16
Q

Which cells is more numerous in the CNS, neurons or glial?

A

Glial cells!

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17
Q

What are the four major types of glial cells?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

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18
Q

What is the role of an astrocyte?

A

Star-shaped cell.
Supports
Maintains blood-brain-barrier
Environmental homeostasis

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19
Q

What is the role of oligodendrocytes?

A

Produce myelin in the CNS (NOT PNS)

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20
Q

How do oligodendrocytes produce myelin?

A

Numerous branches extend to produce internodes of myelin around different axons

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21
Q

What is the role of microglia?

A

Immune monitoring and antigen presentation
Similar lineage to macrophages
‘Migrant’ cell of CNS

22
Q

How good is the brain at lymphoid cell trafficking?

A

Very very slow

23
Q

What is the role of ependymal cells?

A

Ciliated cuboidal/columnar epithelium that lines the ventricles

24
Q

What is a gyrus (plural gyri)?

A

Bump in grey matter on surface of brain

25
Q

What is a sulcus (plural sulci)?

A

Sunken down part on surface of brain

26
Q

What is a fissure?

A

Same as a sulcus but deeper

27
Q

What is contained in the grey matter?

A

Huge numbers of neurons, cells processes, synapses and support cells

28
Q

What is contained in the white matter (medullary centre)?

A

Axons (most myelinated and their support cells)

29
Q

Where are axons mostly found in the brain?

A

In the white matter on the inside

Think huge telephone cables

30
Q

In the spinal cord what is the ‘H’-like pattern comprised of?

A

Grey matter

31
Q

In the spinal cord what is the outside comprised of?

A

White matter

32
Q

When axons travel in parallel along the white matter what is this referred to as?

A

Columns

33
Q

How many columns are there in the spinal cord?

A

Posterior (dorsal) columns
Lateral columns
Anterior (ventral) columns

34
Q

Which two gyri are associated with the central sulcus?

A

Precentral gyrus

Postcentral gyrus

35
Q

What does the lentiform nucleus comprise of?

A

Putamen

Globus pallidus

36
Q

In the coronal plane of the brain a white matter track that crosses from left to right is visible what is the name of this track?

A

Corpus callosum

37
Q

What are the cingulate sulcus and gyrus associated with?

A

Memory

38
Q

In the cerebellum what are the lumps and bumps called?

A

Follia and sulci

This is because they are compressed and resemble the “tree of life” hence folio from foliage

39
Q

What are the landmarks for the frontal lobe?

A

Large lobe anterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral sulcus
It is also anterior to a line drawn from the central sulcus down to the corpus callous

40
Q

What are the landmarks for the parietal lobe?

A

It is posterior to the central sulcus, superior to the lateral sulcus and anterior to a line from parieto-occipitaq sulcus to the pre-occipital notch

41
Q

What are the landmarks for the occipital lobe?

A

Posterior to a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus to the preoccipital notch

42
Q

What are the landmarks for the temporal lobe?

A

Inferior to the lateral sulcus and posteriorly by a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus and the pre-occipital notch

43
Q

What is the name of the 5th hidden lobe?

A

Insular lobe or insula

44
Q

What is the role of the insular lobe?

A

Role in patient’s experience of pain

45
Q

What are the three meninges from superficial to deep?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

46
Q

What are the ventricles inside the brain filled with?

A

CSF

47
Q

Which ventricles produce CSF?

A

Lateral
3rd
4th

48
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

The nervous system found in the digestive system from oesophagus to rectum
Neurons are found largely in 2 plexuses in walls of gut
(Myenteric plexus and submucosal plexus)

49
Q

What is the arterial blood supply to the brain called?

A

Vertebro-basilar system

50
Q

Where does blood drain from the brain?

A

The dural venous sinuses drain into the internal jugular vein through the jugular foramen

3.2 Neuroanatomy (10 decks)

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